Why do people still make anti-D over 50 years after the introduction of Rho(D) immune globulin? A Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative study

Background: Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIg) is used to reduce RhD alloimmunization in pregnancy. This study describes potential causes for RhD alloimmunization after the development and implementation of RhIg. Study Design and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study investigated RhD-negative patients born in 1965–2005 with anti-D newly identified during 2018–2022. Transfusion, pregnancy, intravenous drug abuse, and transplantation were considered potential alloimmunization sources. Results: There were 1200 study patients (852 females; 348 males) at 30 institutions in 5 countries (USA, Canada, UK, New Zealand, Brazil). Most patients had a single potential source of alloimmunization identified (857/1200, 71%), most commonly pregnancy among females (537/852, 63%) and transfusion among males (180/348, 52%). When multiple potential sources were included, males were more likely than females to have a history of transfusion (235/348 [68%] vs. 149/852 [17%], p <.0001) and confirmed or suspected intravenous drug abuse (100/348 [29%] vs. 138/852 [16%], p <.0001). Among females with a history of pregnancy, 119/718 (17%) had healthcare access issues, 120/718 (17%) had pregnancy in a country where they may not have received RhIg, and 21/718 (3%) refused RhIg. Among patients with a history of transfusion, males were more likely than females to have received RhD-positive red blood cells or whole blood (143/235 [61%] vs. 30/149 [20%], p <.0001) and/or platelets (84/235 [36%] vs. 19/149 [13%], p <.0001). Discussion: Pregnancy was the most frequently identified potential source of RhD alloimmunization among females. Transfusion was most frequent in males. Intravenous drug abuse as a common potential source among patients with RhD alloimmunization merits further study.