Venous access: Preoperative, operative, and postoperative dilemmas

The use of central venous catheters has increased dramatically. Complications associated with insertion and continued use of these catheters may be devastating. Techniques that decrease the risks associated with placement of these catheters as well as lower the incidence of sepsis and thrombosis are of obvious benefit. The development of innovative approaches to venous access in patients with central venous occlusion is also of importance.