Variation in the Use of Targeted Temperature Management for Cardiac Arrest

Targeted temperature management (TTM) is recommended for patients who do not respond after return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest. However, the degree to which patients with cardiac arrest have access to this therapy on a national level is not known. Understanding hospital- and patient-level factors associated with receipt of TTM could inform interventions to improve access to this treatment among appropriate patients. Therefore, we performed a retrospective analysis using National Inpatient Sample data from 2016 to 2019. We used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition diagnosis and procedure codes to identify adult patients with in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and receipt of TTM. We evaluated patient and hospital factors associated with receiving TTM. We identified 478,419 patients with cardiac arrest. Of those, 4,088 (0.85%) received TTM. Hospital use of TTM was driven by large, nonprofit, urban, teaching hospitals, with less use at other hospital types. There was significant regional variation in TTM capabilities, with the proportion of hospitals providing TTM ranging from >21% in the Mid-Atlantic region to <11% in the East and West South Central and Mountain regions. At the patient level, age >74 years (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, p <0.001), female gender (OR 0.89, p >0.001), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 0.74, p <0.001) were all associated with decreased odds of receiving TTM. Patients with Medicare (OR 0.75, p <0.001) and Medicaid (OR 0.89, p = 0.027) were less likely than patients with private insurance to receive TTM. Part of these differences was driven by inequitable access to TTM-capable hospitals. In conclusion, TTM is rarely used after cardiac arrest. Hospital use of TTM is predominately limited to a subset of academic hospitals with substantial regional variation. Older age, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, and Medicare or Medicaid insurance are all associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving TTM.