TY - JOUR
T1 - Understanding entrance-air-kerma as a quality-control metric for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
AU - Thomas, Matthew Allan
AU - Jimenez, Jorge Ernesto
AU - Fahrenholtz, Samuel John
AU - Hamdani, Khushnood
AU - Erwin, William Daniel
N1 - Funding Information:
This research has received no external funding.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of The American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Purpose: The low exposures, unique x-ray beam geometry, and scanning design in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) make measurement and quality-control strategies different from traditional x-ray equipment. This study examines the dependence of measured entrance-air-kerma (EAK) on both dose sensor type and scan length. The feasibility of using EAK to compare scanner output between different scan modes, individual scanners, and scanner platforms was also established. Finally, the congruence between measured and vendor-reported EAK was analyzed. Methods: Four Hologic DXA scanners at two institutions and all four available scan modes were tested. EAK was measured directly by three types of Radcal dose sensors: 60-cc pancake ion-chamber (IC), 180-cc pancake IC, and solid-state detector. The coefficient of variation (COV) was used to assess the dependence of EAK on scan length. Variations in EAK between the types of dose sensors as well as measured versus vendor-reported values were evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis: mean ±95% prediction interval (PI): 1.96σ. Results: Dose sensor variations in EAK were minimal, with a −3.5 ± 3.5% (mean ±95% PI) percent difference between the two sizes of IC's. The solid-state detector produced highly similar measurements to the 180-cc IC. These small differences were consistent across all scanners and all scan modes tested. Neither measured nor vendor-reported EAK values were found to show relevant dependence on scan length, with all COV values ≤4%. Differences between measured and reported EAK were higher at −6 ± 48%. Likely errors in vendor-reported EAK calculations were also identified. Conclusion: It is feasible to quantify DXA scanner stability using EAK as a quality-control metric with a variety of solid-state and IC dose sensors, and the scan length used is not critical. Although vendor-reported EAK was consistent among scanners of the same platform, measured EAK varied significantly from scanner to scanner. As a result, measured and reported EAK may not always be comparable.
AB - Purpose: The low exposures, unique x-ray beam geometry, and scanning design in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) make measurement and quality-control strategies different from traditional x-ray equipment. This study examines the dependence of measured entrance-air-kerma (EAK) on both dose sensor type and scan length. The feasibility of using EAK to compare scanner output between different scan modes, individual scanners, and scanner platforms was also established. Finally, the congruence between measured and vendor-reported EAK was analyzed. Methods: Four Hologic DXA scanners at two institutions and all four available scan modes were tested. EAK was measured directly by three types of Radcal dose sensors: 60-cc pancake ion-chamber (IC), 180-cc pancake IC, and solid-state detector. The coefficient of variation (COV) was used to assess the dependence of EAK on scan length. Variations in EAK between the types of dose sensors as well as measured versus vendor-reported values were evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis: mean ±95% prediction interval (PI): 1.96σ. Results: Dose sensor variations in EAK were minimal, with a −3.5 ± 3.5% (mean ±95% PI) percent difference between the two sizes of IC's. The solid-state detector produced highly similar measurements to the 180-cc IC. These small differences were consistent across all scanners and all scan modes tested. Neither measured nor vendor-reported EAK values were found to show relevant dependence on scan length, with all COV values ≤4%. Differences between measured and reported EAK were higher at −6 ± 48%. Likely errors in vendor-reported EAK calculations were also identified. Conclusion: It is feasible to quantify DXA scanner stability using EAK as a quality-control metric with a variety of solid-state and IC dose sensors, and the scan length used is not critical. Although vendor-reported EAK was consistent among scanners of the same platform, measured EAK varied significantly from scanner to scanner. As a result, measured and reported EAK may not always be comparable.
KW - bone mineral density
KW - dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
KW - entrance-air-kerma
KW - x-ray absorptiometry
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85137551265
U2 - 10.1002/acm2.13779
DO - 10.1002/acm2.13779
M3 - Article
C2 - 36057962
AN - SCOPUS:85137551265
SN - 1526-9914
VL - 23
JO - Journal of applied clinical medical physics
JF - Journal of applied clinical medical physics
IS - 10
M1 - e13779
ER -