Tuning Sustainable Nanocomposite Interphase Behavior Through Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals

Sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are needed urgently, but biodegradable materials from renewable sources often suffer from inadequate mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate a bio-inspired strategy to enhance soy protein isolate (SPI) nanocomposites through surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) reinforcing filler particles with a polydopamine (polyDOPA) coating via dopamine polymerization under alkaline conditions. This modification creates multifunctional interfaces at filler surfaces that enhance nanocomposite mechanical properties likely by simultaneously altering filler dispersion and filler–matrix interactions. PolyDOPA-modified CNCs increase the tensile strength and elastic modulus of SPI films (plasticized with 50% glycerol) by more than threefold compared to unreinforced controls. Transmission electron microscopy, spectroscopic techniques, and thermal analysis reveal that polyDOPA coatings influenced nanocomposite structure across multiple length scales, tripling the effective diameter of the CNC inclusions, reducing the tendency of CNC nanocrystals to aggregate, and increasing the glass transition temperature. The increase in glass transition temperature suggests reduced SPI molecular mobility, which, along with micromechanical modeling, indicates the potential for improved interfacial interactions. Results reveal how polyDOPA-modified CNCs influence the interphase behavior and filler dispersion of SPI-glycerol nanocomposites, providing a pathway to further improve their performance for various applications, including packaging, membranes, and coatings.