Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 signaling provokes adverse cardiac remodeling in the adult mammalian heart

Background-Tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands provoke a dilated cardiac phenotype signal through a common scaffolding protein termed tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2); however, virtually nothing is known about TRAF2 signaling in the adult mammalian heart. Methods and Results-We generated multiple founder lines of mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of TRAF2 and characterized the phenotype of mice with higher expression levels of TRAF2 (myosin heavy chain [MHC]-TRAF2_HC). MHC-TRAF2HC transgenic mice developed a time-dependent increase in cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dilation, and adverse left ventricular remodeling, and a significant decrease in LV+dP/dt and LV.dP/dt when compared with littermate controls (P<0.05 compared with littermate). During the early phases of left ventricular remodeling, there was a significant increase in total matrix metalloproteinase activity that corresponded with a decrease in total myocardial fibrillar collagen content. As the MHC-TRAF2_HC mice aged, there was a significant decrease in total matrix metalloproteinase activity accompanied by an increase in total fibrillar collagen content and an increase in myocardial tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels. There was a significant increase in nuclear factor-κB activation at 4 to 12 weeks and jun N-terminal kinases activation at 4 weeks in the MHC-TRAF2_HC mice. Transciptional profiling revealed that >95% of the hypertrophic/dilated cardiomyopathy-related genes that were significantly upregulated genes in the MHC-TRAF2_HC hearts contained κB elements in their promoters. Conclusions-These results show for the first time that targeted overexpression of TRAF2 is sufficient to mediate adverse cardiac remodeling in the heart.