@article{c531945ef43d4f2697f0b69b4e98307b,
title = "Thermal excitation of heavy nuclei with 5-15 GeV/c antiproton, proton and pion beams",
abstract = "Excitation-energy distributions have been derived from measurements of 5.0-14.6 GeV/c antiproton, proton and pion reactions with 197Au target nuclei, using the ISiS 4π detector array. The maximum probability for producing high excitation-energy events is found for the 8 GeV/c antiproton beam relative to other hadrons, 3He and {\=p} beams from LEAR. For protons and pions, the excitation-energy distributions are nearly independent of hadron type and beam momentum above about 8 GeV/c. The excitation energy enhancement for {\=p} beams and the saturation effect are qualitatively consistent with intranuclear cascade code predictions. For all systems studied, maximum cluster sizes are observed for residues with E*/A ∼ 6 MeV.",
author = "L. Beaulieu and K. Kwiatkowski and Hsi, {W. C.} and T. Lefort and L. Pienkowski and Korteling, {R. G.} and G. Wang and B. Back and Bracken, {D. S.} and H. Breuer and E. Cornell and F. Gimeno-Nogues and Ginger, {D. S.} and S. Gushue and Huang, {M. J.} and R. Laforest and Lynch, {W. G.} and E. Martin and Morley, {K. B.} and Remsberg, {L. P.} and D. Rowland and E. Ramakrishnan and A. Ruangma and Tsang, {M. B.} and Viola, {V. E.} and E. Winchester and H. Xi and Yennello, {S. J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank J. Vanderwerp, W. Lozowski, K. Komisarcik and R.N. Yoder at IUCF and P. Pile, H. Brown, W. McGahern, J. Scaduto, L. Toler, J. Bunce, J. Gould, R. Hackenburg and C. Woody at AGS for their assistance with these experiments. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy and National Science Foundation, the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant No. P03B 048 15 of the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research, Indiana University Office of Research and the University Graduate School, Simon Fraser University and the Robert A. Welch Foundation. ",
year = "1999",
doi = "10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01016-3",
language = "English",
volume = "463",
pages = "159--167",
journal = "Physics Letters B",
issn = "0370-2693",
number = "2-4",
}