@article{bc7a3657a6bd4d35ac4f7a990adcda64,
title = "The Role of Cannabis in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Clinical, Scientific, and Regulatory Information",
abstract = "There is significant interest among patients and providers in using cannabis (marijuana) and its derivatives to treat a number of chronic illnesses, including inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the Schedule I classification of cannabis by the federal government, state governments have sought ways to make cannabis available for specific medical conditions, and some states have legalized cannabis outright. This white paper summarizes the preclinical data, clinical data, safety data, and the regulatory landscape as they apply to medical cannabis use in inflammatory bowel disease. Animal models of cannabinoid chemistry and physiology give evidence of anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and nociceptive-limiting properties. Human studies have found benefit in controlling symptoms and improving quality of life, but no studies have established true disease modification given the absent improvement in biomarker profiles or endoscopic healing. Finally, this review describes the legal, regulatory, and practical hurdles to studying the risks and benefits of medical cannabis in the United States. 10.1093/ibd/izy319-video1 izy319.video1",
keywords = "Crohn's disease, THC, cannabis, inflammatory bowel disease, marijuana, ulcerative colitis",
author = "Arun Swaminath and Berlin, {Eric P.} and Adam Cheifetz and Ed Hoffenberg and Jami Kinnucan and Laura Wingate and Sarah Buchanan and Nada Zmeter and Rubin, {David T.}",
note = "Funding Information: Research sponsored by the Crohn{\textquoteright}s & Colitis Foundation. Funding Information: *Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA; †Jones Day Law Firm, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; ‡Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; §Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA; ¶Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; ‖Crohn{\textquoteright}s and Colitis Foundation; New York, New York, USA; **Crohn{\textquoteright}s and Colitis Foundation; New York, NY, USA; ††University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA; ‡‡University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA Conflicts of interest: No author has a declared conflict of interest. Author contributions: The above authors contributed similarly in the development of the manuscript, review of the content, and editing the final versions. Supported by: This work was commissioned by the Crohn{\textquoteright}s and Colitis Foundation, but there was no funding associated with its production. Address correspondence to: David T. Rubin, MD, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 4076, Chicago, IL 60637 (drubin@uchicago.edu). {\textcopyright} 2018 Crohn{\textquoteright}s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy319 Published online 24 October 2018 Funding Information: Notable legislation to address research barriers under consideration by Congress include the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion and Respect States (CARERS) Act, and the Medical Marijuana Research Act. Among other provisions, the CARERS Act would exempt cannabis from Schedule I (similar to the alcohol and tobacco exemptions), limit federal intervention in state medical cannabis laws, and allow Veterans Administration physicians to prescribe MMJ. The CARERS Act is supported by voluntary health organizations including the Epilepsy Foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the National Women{\textquoteright}s Health Network. The Medical Marijuana Research Act would establish a new registration process to make it easier for researchers to access research-grade cannabis. Both bills have received bipartisan support, albeit with limited co-sponsorship. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = feb,
day = "21",
doi = "10.1093/ibd/izy319",
language = "English",
volume = "25",
pages = "427--435",
journal = "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases",
issn = "1078-0998",
number = "3",
}