@article{6f042331368d4cf495249276d9a993fe,
title = "The Impact of Peer Substance Use and Polygenic Risk on Trajectories of Heavy Episodic Drinking Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood",
abstract = "Background: Heavy episodic drinking is developmentally normative among adolescents and young adults, but is linked to adverse consequences in later life, such as drug and alcohol dependence. Genetic and peer influences are robust predictors of heavy episodic drinking in youth, but little is known about the interplay between polygenic risk and peer influences as they impact developmental patterns of heavy episodic drinking. Methods: Data were from a multisite prospective study of alcohol use among adolescents and young adults with genome-wide association data (n = 412). Generalized linear mixed models were used to characterize the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking between age 15 and 28. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from a separate genome-wide association study for alcohol dependence and examined for their interaction with substance use among the adolescents{\textquoteright} closest friends in predicting the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking. Results: Close friend substance use was a robust predictor of adolescent heavy episodic drinking, even after controlling for parental knowledge and peer substance use in the school. PRS were predictive of the initial status and early patterns of heavy episodic drinking in males, but not in females. No interaction was detected between PRS and close friend substance use for heavy episodic drinking trajectories in either males or females. Conclusions: Although substance use among close friends and genetic influences play an important role in predicting heavy episodic drinking trajectories, particularly during the late adolescent to early adult years, we found no evidence of interaction between these influences after controlling for other social processes, such as parental knowledge and broader substance use among other peers outside of close friends. The use of longitudinal models and accounting for multiple social influences may be crucial for future studies focused on uncovering gene–environment interplay. Clinical implications are also discussed.",
keywords = "Development, Gene–Environment Interaction, Heavy Episodic Drinking, Peer Influences, Polygenic Risk Score",
author = "{COGA Investigators} and Li, {James J.} and Cho, {Seung Bin} and Salvatore, {Jessica E.} and Edenberg, {Howard J.} and Arpana Agrawal and Chorlian, {David B.} and Bernice Porjesz and Victor Hesselbrock and Dick, {Danielle M.} and L. Bierut and J. Nurnberger and T. Foroud and S. Kuperman and J. Kramer and A. Goate and J. Rice and K. Bucholz and M. Schuckit and J. Tischfield and L. Almasy and R. Taylor and D. Dick and L. Bauer and D. Koller and S. O'Connor and L. Wetherill and X. Xuei and Grace Chan and S. Kang and N. Manz and Wang, {J. C.} and A. Brooks and F. Aliev and A. Parsian and M. Reilly",
note = "Funding Information: The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), Principal Investigators B. Porjesz, V. Hesselbrock, H. Edenberg, L. Bierut, includes 10 different centers: University of Connecticut (V. Hesselbrock); Indiana University (H.J. Edenberg, J. Nurnberger Jr., T. Foroud); University of Iowa (S. Kuperman, J. Kramer); SUNY Downstate (B. Porjesz); Washington University in St. Louis (L. Bierut, A. Goate, J. Rice, K. Bucholz); University of California at San Diego (M. Schuckit); Rutgers University (J. Tischfield); Texas Biomedical Research Institute (L. Almasy); Howard University (R. Taylor); and Virginia Commonwealth University (D. Dick). Other COGA collaborators include the following: L. Bauer (University of Connecticut); D. Koller, S. O'Connor, L. Wetherill, X. Xuei (Indiana University); Grace Chan (University of Connecticut); S. Kang, N. Manz (SUNY Downstate); J.-C. Wang (Washington University in St. Louis); A. Brooks (Rutgers University); and F. Aliev (Virginia Commonwealth University). A. Parsian and M. Reilly are the NIAAA Staff Collaborators. We continue to be inspired by our memories of Henri Begleiter and Theodore Reich, founding PI and Co-PI of COGA, and also owe a debt of gratitude to other past organizers of COGA, including Ting-Kai Li, currently a consultant with COGA, P. Michael Conneally, Raymond Crowe, and Wendy Reich, for their critical contributions. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism",
year = "2017",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/acer.13282",
language = "English",
volume = "41",
pages = "65--75",
journal = "Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research",
issn = "0145-6008",
number = "1",
}