TY - JOUR
T1 - The global, regional, and national burden of urolithiasis in 204 countries and territories, 2000–2021
T2 - a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
AU - GBD 2021 Urolithiasis Collaborators
AU - Awedew, Atalel Fentahun
AU - Han, Hannah
AU - Berice, Bétyna N.
AU - Dodge, Maxwell
AU - Schneider, Rachel D.
AU - Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
AU - Al-Aly, Ziyad
AU - Almidani, Omar
AU - Alvand, Saba
AU - Arabloo, Jalal
AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.
AU - Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu
AU - Bhardwaj, Nikha
AU - Bhardwaj, Pankaj
AU - Bhaskar, Sonu
AU - Bikbov, Boris
AU - Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
AU - Charan, Jaykaran
AU - Cruz-Martins, Natalia
AU - Dadras, Omid
AU - Dai, Xiaochen
AU - Digesa, Lankamo Ena
AU - Elhadi, Muhammed
AU - Elmonem, Mohamed A.
AU - Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede
AU - Fatehizadeh, Ali
AU - Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru
AU - Getachew, Motuma Erena
AU - Ghamari, Seyyed Hadi
AU - Hay, Simon I.
AU - Ilic, Irena M.
AU - Ilic, Milena D.
AU - Jayarajah, Umesh
AU - Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad
AU - Kim, Min Seo
AU - Lee, Sang Woong
AU - Lee, Shaun Wen Huey
AU - Lim, Stephen S.
AU - Mahmoud, Mansour Adam
AU - Malik, Ahmad Azam
AU - Mentis, Alexios Fotios A.
AU - Mestrovic, Tomislav
AU - Michalek, Irmina Maria
AU - Mihrtie, Gedefaye Nibret
AU - Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.
AU - Mokdad, Ali H.
AU - Moni, Mohammad Ali
AU - Moradi, Maryam
AU - Murray, Christopher J.L.
AU - Ortiz, Alberto
AU - Pawar, Shrikant
AU - Perico, Norberto
AU - Rashidi, Mohammad Mahdi
AU - Rawassizadeh, Reza
AU - Remuzzi, Giuseppe
AU - Schumacher, Austin E.
AU - Singh, Jasvinder A.
AU - Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
AU - Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
AU - Tan, Ker Kan
AU - Tolani, Musliu Adetola
AU - Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel
AU - Valizadeh, Rohollah
AU - Vo, Bay
AU - Wolde, Asrat Arja
AU - Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein
AU - Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh
AU - Yiğit, Arzu
AU - Yiğit, Vahit
AU - Zahir, Mazyar
AU - Zastrozhin, Michael
AU - Zhang, Zhi Jiang
AU - Zumla, Alimuddin
AU - Misganaw, Awoke
AU - Dirac, M. Ashworth
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s)
PY - 2024/12
Y1 - 2024/12
N2 - Background: Urolithiasis is a common urological problem that is associated with high morbidity. A comprehensive assessment of the non-fatal and fatal health trends of urolithiasis by age, sex, and geography over time is necessary to inform policy to control this surgically managed non-communicable disease. Methods: This study was conducted using the standard GBD methodology and analytic tools. Cause-specific mortality rate (CSMR) was estimated using vital registration and verbal autopsy data and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) modelling tool. CSMR estimates and incidence data from medical insurance claims and hospital discharges were analysed using a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to estimate age-, sex-, and location-specific incidence of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs due to urolithiasis were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by multiplying the disability weight by the symptomatic proportion of urolithiasis cases. The Global Burden of Diseases study used de-identified data, approved by the University of Washington IRB (Study Number 9060). Findings: There were 106 million (95% UI 88.3–129.0) incident cases of urolithiasis in 2021, of which 67% were in men (71.1 million [59.4–86.2)]). The global number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased by 26.7% (23.8–29.8), 60.3% (41.5–84.7), and 34.5% (24.6–47.3), respectively, between 2000 and 2021. The global age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis experienced a significant decrease of 17.5% (14.7–20.0), while the age-standardised DALYs rate saw a reduction of 15.1% (6.8–21.3). Twelve GBD regions showed declining trends in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021, and the remaining nine GBD regions had an increasing trend of age-standardised rates of urolithiasis. A significant increase in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was observed in Central America, Tropical Latin America, and the Caribbean regions, whereas notable decline was observed in east Asia, eastern Europe, central Europe, and high-income North America. It was observed that the global age-standardised death rate was less than 0.5 per 100,000 across all GBD regions and less than 1 per 100,000 across all SDI quintiles, with fairly stable global age-standardised death rates of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. The age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was 837 (688–1034) in low SDI regions and 1443 (12,108–1734) in high-middle SDI regions. Furthermore, the age-standardised DALY rate showed a decreasing trend across all SDI quintiles over the same period: high-middle SDI (−28.9% [–34.4 to −23.0]), middle SDI (−22.6% [–30.5 to −10.9]), and low-middle SDI (−2.9% [–15.8 to 12.9]). Interpretation: Global urolithiasis incidence and DALY rates have decreased, while the death rate has stabilised worldwide, showing significant variability among regions, SDI levels, and countries. This could be due to effective preventive measures c on urolithiasis risk factors, effective public health education, lifestyle changes, and early interventions and improved health care access at the global level. This analysis offers relevant insights into global, regional, and country-specific urolithiasis trends. Funding:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
AB - Background: Urolithiasis is a common urological problem that is associated with high morbidity. A comprehensive assessment of the non-fatal and fatal health trends of urolithiasis by age, sex, and geography over time is necessary to inform policy to control this surgically managed non-communicable disease. Methods: This study was conducted using the standard GBD methodology and analytic tools. Cause-specific mortality rate (CSMR) was estimated using vital registration and verbal autopsy data and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) modelling tool. CSMR estimates and incidence data from medical insurance claims and hospital discharges were analysed using a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to estimate age-, sex-, and location-specific incidence of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs due to urolithiasis were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by multiplying the disability weight by the symptomatic proportion of urolithiasis cases. The Global Burden of Diseases study used de-identified data, approved by the University of Washington IRB (Study Number 9060). Findings: There were 106 million (95% UI 88.3–129.0) incident cases of urolithiasis in 2021, of which 67% were in men (71.1 million [59.4–86.2)]). The global number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased by 26.7% (23.8–29.8), 60.3% (41.5–84.7), and 34.5% (24.6–47.3), respectively, between 2000 and 2021. The global age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis experienced a significant decrease of 17.5% (14.7–20.0), while the age-standardised DALYs rate saw a reduction of 15.1% (6.8–21.3). Twelve GBD regions showed declining trends in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021, and the remaining nine GBD regions had an increasing trend of age-standardised rates of urolithiasis. A significant increase in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was observed in Central America, Tropical Latin America, and the Caribbean regions, whereas notable decline was observed in east Asia, eastern Europe, central Europe, and high-income North America. It was observed that the global age-standardised death rate was less than 0.5 per 100,000 across all GBD regions and less than 1 per 100,000 across all SDI quintiles, with fairly stable global age-standardised death rates of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. The age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was 837 (688–1034) in low SDI regions and 1443 (12,108–1734) in high-middle SDI regions. Furthermore, the age-standardised DALY rate showed a decreasing trend across all SDI quintiles over the same period: high-middle SDI (−28.9% [–34.4 to −23.0]), middle SDI (−22.6% [–30.5 to −10.9]), and low-middle SDI (−2.9% [–15.8 to 12.9]). Interpretation: Global urolithiasis incidence and DALY rates have decreased, while the death rate has stabilised worldwide, showing significant variability among regions, SDI levels, and countries. This could be due to effective preventive measures c on urolithiasis risk factors, effective public health education, lifestyle changes, and early interventions and improved health care access at the global level. This analysis offers relevant insights into global, regional, and country-specific urolithiasis trends. Funding:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
KW - Disability adjusted life loss
KW - Global burden of disease
KW - Incidence
KW - Nephrolithiasis
KW - Urolithiasis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85209538325&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102924
DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102924
M3 - Article
C2 - 39640943
AN - SCOPUS:85209538325
SN - 2589-5370
VL - 78
JO - EClinicalMedicine
JF - EClinicalMedicine
M1 - 102924
ER -