TY - JOUR
T1 - The assessment of resistance to antidepressant treatment
T2 - Rationale for the Antidepressant Treatment History Form: Short Form (ATHF-SF)
AU - Sackeim, Harold A.
AU - Aaronson, Scott T.
AU - Bunker, Mark T.
AU - Conway, Charles R.
AU - Demitrack, Mark A.
AU - George, Mark S.
AU - Prudic, Joan
AU - Thase, Michael E.
AU - Rushi, A. John
N1 - Funding Information:
The need for updating this instrument led to the creation of a workgroup tasked with producing a complete revision. The authors of this article constituted this workgroup, and are the authors of the new instrument, the Antidepressant Treatment History Form: Short Form (ATHF-SF). The group was chaired by Dr. Harold A. Sackeim, and the work of the group was partly supported by LivaNova, Inc, who intends to use the ATHF-SF in studies of VNS in TRD (see Disclosures). The original ATHF is now considered the long-form of the instrument (Sackeim, 2001).Only the staging model recently offered by Conway et al. (2017) includes insufficient benefit from an adequate trial of psychotherapy as contributing to the assessment of TRD. Neither the original ATHF nor the other instruments used to rate the adequacy of antidepressant trials included psychotherapy as a potential source of treatment resistance. However, particular forms of psychotherapy have an evidence base that supports their efficacy in the treatment of MDE. These include: Behavior Therapy (BT) (Harley et al., 2008; Lynch et al., 2015), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (Cristea et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2012; Gould et al., 2012; Gregory, 2010; Tolin, 2017), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) (Cuijpers et al., 2016; Markowitz and Weissman, 2012; Weissman et al., 2014), Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) (Bell and D'Zurilla, 2009; Cuijpers et al., 2018; Townsend et al., 2001), and Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) (de Roten et al., 2017; Driessen et al., 2015, 2018). Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a burgeoning literature establishing the efficacy of evidence-based psychotherapies specifically in the treatment of TRD (Fonagy et al., 2015; Souza et al., 2016; Town et al., 2017; Trivedi et al., 2011; van Bronswijk et al., 2018). Thus, a significant change in the ATHF is provision of explicit criteria to rate the adequacy of specific forms of psychotherapy. We thank Professors Koen Demyttenaere, Allan H. Young and Thomas E. Schläpfer for their comments on the ATHF-SF. Their comments prompted inclusion of some pharmaceutical agents not available in the United States, as well as modification of the psychotherapy criteria. We also thank Ms. Amy Keith and Ms. Renske De Zwaef of LivaNova PLC for organizational assistance with the deliberations of the co-authors that resulted in the ATHF-SF 2018 Version 1.
Funding Information:
Dr. Michael E. Thase reports no conflicts of interest directly relating to this work. He does report a number of other relationships with commercial entities. During the past 3 years, he has been an advisory/consultant to Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan (Forest, Naurex), AstraZeneca, Cerecor, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen, Ortho-McNeil), Lundbeck, MedAvante, Merck, Mocksha8, Nestlé (PamLab), Neuronetics, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, Shire, Sunovion, and Takeda. In addition to the National Institute of Mental Health, he received grant support from Acadia, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Alkermes, Assurex, Avanir, Forest Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda. Dr. Thase received royalties from the American Psychiatric Press, Guilford Publications, Herald House and W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Dr. Thase's spouse, Dr. Diane Sloan, works for Peloton Advantage, which did business with Pfizer and AstraZeneca.
Funding Information:
Dr. Charles R. Conway reports no conflicts of interest directly relating to this work. He has received research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stanley Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, NeoSync Inc., Cyberonics Inc., Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, August Busch IV Foundation, and Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation. He previously served as a speaker for Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Co. He currently serves as a paid consultant to LivaNova PLC in designing studies involving VNS.
Funding Information:
Dr. Harold A. Sackeim has served as a consultant and/or received research support from the brain stimulation companies: Brainsway Ltd., Cervel Neurotech Inc./NeoStim Inc., Cyberonics Inc., LivaNova PLC, Magstim Ltd., MECTA Corp., NeoSync Inc., Neuronetics Inc., and NeuroPace Inc. and from the pharmaceutical companies: Cambridge Neuroscience Inc., Eli Lilly & Co., Forest Laboratories, Hoffman-La Roche AG, Interneuron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Novartis International AG, Pfizer Inc., Warner-Lambert, Inc., and Wyeth-Ayerst, Inc. He holds non-remunerative patents with the MECTA Corporation for Focal Electrically-Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) and for Titration in the Current Domain. He is the originator of Magnetic Seizure Therapy. He has received royalties from Oxford University Press and Elsevier Inc. His effort in chairing this revision of the ATHF and drafting the ATHF-SF documents was partially supported by LivaNova PLC. LivaNova PLC partly supported the deliberations that resulted in the ATHF-SF with the aim of using this instrument in future research on VNS in TRD. However, neither LivaNova PLC, or any other commercial entity, had any substantive influence on the design or content of the ATHF-SF.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors
PY - 2019/6
Y1 - 2019/6
N2 - There is considerable diversity in how treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is defined. However, every definition incorporates the concept that patients with TRD have not benefited sufficiently from one or more adequate trials of antidepressant treatment. This review examines the issues fundamental to the systematic evaluation of antidepressant treatment adequacy and resistance. These issues include the domains of interventions deemed effective in treatment of major depressive episodes (e.g., pharmacotherapy, brain stimulation, and psychotherapy), the subgroups of patients for whom distinct adequacy criteria are needed (e.g., bipolar vs. unipolar depression, psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression), whether trials should be rated dichotomously as adequate or inadequate or on a potency continuum, whether combination and augmentation strategies require specific consideration, and the criteria used to evaluate the adequacy of treatment delivery (e.g., dose, duration), trial adherence, and clinical outcome. This review also presents the Antidepressant Treatment History Form: Short-Form (ATHF-SF), a completely revised version of an earlier instrument, and details how these fundamental issues were addressed in the ATHF-SF.
AB - There is considerable diversity in how treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is defined. However, every definition incorporates the concept that patients with TRD have not benefited sufficiently from one or more adequate trials of antidepressant treatment. This review examines the issues fundamental to the systematic evaluation of antidepressant treatment adequacy and resistance. These issues include the domains of interventions deemed effective in treatment of major depressive episodes (e.g., pharmacotherapy, brain stimulation, and psychotherapy), the subgroups of patients for whom distinct adequacy criteria are needed (e.g., bipolar vs. unipolar depression, psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression), whether trials should be rated dichotomously as adequate or inadequate or on a potency continuum, whether combination and augmentation strategies require specific consideration, and the criteria used to evaluate the adequacy of treatment delivery (e.g., dose, duration), trial adherence, and clinical outcome. This review also presents the Antidepressant Treatment History Form: Short-Form (ATHF-SF), a completely revised version of an earlier instrument, and details how these fundamental issues were addressed in the ATHF-SF.
KW - Antidepressant treatment resistance
KW - Brain stimulation
KW - Major depressive episode
KW - Pharmacotherapy
KW - Psychotherapy
KW - Treatment-resistant depression
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85063949695&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.021
DO - 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.021
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30974339
AN - SCOPUS:85063949695
SN - 0022-3956
VL - 113
SP - 125
EP - 136
JO - Journal of Psychiatric Research
JF - Journal of Psychiatric Research
ER -