TY - CHAP
T1 - Surgical management of facial nerve injuries
AU - Snyder-Warwick, Alison
AU - Tung, Thomas H.
AU - Mackinnon, Susan E.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.
PY - 2013/1/1
Y1 - 2013/1/1
N2 - Facial expressions provide unique insight into an individual’s emotions, and distinct, universal facial expressions have been identified for a multitude of emotions [23]. The anatomy involved with facial expression has been the interest of many investigators over the years. Ekman and Friesen [25] defined 46 action units that correspond to independent facial movements. Darwin, a student of Charles Bell, sought to anatomically describe the musculature involved in specific facial expressions [24]. Rubin (1974) studied the active, dominant facial musculature and its vector of pull during smiling and described the three main smile types. This anatomical interest in facial expression holds particular importance to the reconstructive surgeon treating facial nerve injuries. Subtle recreation of native anatomy is the ultimate goal, one that is most challenging for dynamic expression.
AB - Facial expressions provide unique insight into an individual’s emotions, and distinct, universal facial expressions have been identified for a multitude of emotions [23]. The anatomy involved with facial expression has been the interest of many investigators over the years. Ekman and Friesen [25] defined 46 action units that correspond to independent facial movements. Darwin, a student of Charles Bell, sought to anatomically describe the musculature involved in specific facial expressions [24]. Rubin (1974) studied the active, dominant facial musculature and its vector of pull during smiling and described the three main smile types. This anatomical interest in facial expression holds particular importance to the reconstructive surgeon treating facial nerve injuries. Subtle recreation of native anatomy is the ultimate goal, one that is most challenging for dynamic expression.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84956710560&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_15
DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_15
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:84956710560
SN - 9783642355387
SP - 253
EP - 270
BT - Trigeminal Nerve Injuries
PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg
ER -