Structure in therapy: A conceptual analysis

In spite of widespread identification of structure as an important dimension of the therapy process, there have been no uniform conceptual or operational definitions of the construct. This article focuses on the conceptual definition of structure in therapy and links it to theoretical assumptions regarding the effects of ambiguity and uncertainty. Three therapist interventive behaviors by which structure has been previously defined are guidance, role orientation, and specificity. The theoretical and empirical literature bearing on these activities is reviewed, with a focus on their hypothesized and/or demonstrated effects on clients and on treatment outcomes. Issues for further research and for further theory development are identified.