@article{6864a5e3f0bf4998a8d79ed0a6941aa9,
title = "Stick or grip? Co-evolution of adhesive toepads and claws in Anolis lizards",
abstract = "Exploring the relationship between phenotype and performance in an ecological and evolutionary context is crucial to understanding the adaptive nature of phenotypic traits. Despite their ubiquity in vertebrates, few studies have examined the functional and ecological significance of claw morphologies. Here we examine the adhesive toepad and claw system of Anolis lizards. Claw characters are significantly different between lizards classified as arboreal (perch height. ≥. 1. m) and non-arboreal (perch height. <. 1. m). Arboreal species possess significantly higher and longer claws, and show trends toward decreased claw curvature and wider claw tip angles. Toepad size and claw length and height are tightly correlated with each other and with perch height, suggesting that the adhesive toepad and gripping claw have co-evolved to accommodate different habitats. The functional morphology and evolution of claws are ripe areas for future investigation.",
keywords = "Adhesion, Anolis, Claw morphology, Clinging, Toepad",
author = "Crandell, {Kristen E.} and Anthony Herrel and Mahmood Sasa and Losos, {Jonathan B.} and Kellar Autumn",
note = "Funding Information: Field work was arranged through the Organization for Tropical Studies, Duke University, Guido Sabor{\'i}o from Amigos de Osa, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, under research permit numbers SINAC 123-2008 del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energia – Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion and SE/A-64-09 del Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente de Panama. The authors thank Shane Campbell-Staton, Kristi Fenstermacher, Hannah Frank, Martha Mu{\~n}oz, Stephane Montuelle, Paul VanMiddlesworth, and Katharina Wollenberg for help in the field. For access to specimens, we thank Jose Rosado (MCZ, Harvard University), Luke Mahler (MCZ), Steve Poe (MSB, University of New Mexico), and Tom Giermakowski (MSB). Greta Binford provided feedback on a previous draft. We thank four anonymous reviewers. Use of animals in this study was approved by Lewis & Clark College IACUC (ACUP-2008-001). This research was funded by Sigma Xi ( G200803150489 to K.E.C.), Lewis & Clark College SAAB (to K.E.C.), and the National Science Foundation ( NSF-NIRT 0304730 , NSF-IOS-0847953 , NSF-NBM-0900723 and Special Creativity Award to K.A.; NSF DEB-0444763 to J.B.L.). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014.",
year = "2014",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.zool.2014.05.001",
language = "English",
volume = "117",
pages = "363--369",
journal = "Zoology",
issn = "0944-2006",
number = "6",
}