TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex and gender
T2 - modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
AU - Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck
AU - Bairey Merz, Noel
AU - Barnes, Peter J.
AU - Brinton, Roberta D.
AU - Carrero, Juan Jesus
AU - DeMeo, Dawn L.
AU - De Vries, Geert J.
AU - Epperson, C. Neill
AU - Govindan, Ramaswamy
AU - Klein, Sabra L.
AU - Lonardo, Amedeo
AU - Maki, Pauline M.
AU - McCullough, Louise D.
AU - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera
AU - Regensteiner, Judith G.
AU - Rubin, Joshua B.
AU - Sandberg, Kathryn
AU - Suzuki, Ayako
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/8/22
Y1 - 2020/8/22
N2 - Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
AB - Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85089518199&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32828189
AN - SCOPUS:85089518199
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 396
SP - 565
EP - 582
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 10250
ER -