TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex and gender
T2 - modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
AU - Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck
AU - Bairey Merz, Noel
AU - Barnes, Peter J.
AU - Brinton, Roberta D.
AU - Carrero, Juan Jesus
AU - DeMeo, Dawn L.
AU - De Vries, Geert J.
AU - Epperson, C. Neill
AU - Govindan, Ramaswamy
AU - Klein, Sabra L.
AU - Lonardo, Amedeo
AU - Maki, Pauline M.
AU - McCullough, Louise D.
AU - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera
AU - Regensteiner, Judith G.
AU - Rubin, Joshua B.
AU - Sandberg, Kathryn
AU - Suzuki, Ayako
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health awards to FM-J ( DK074970 and DK107444 ), RDB (AG026572, AG057931, AG059093, and AG053589), DLD (HL105339, HL114501, and HL132825), SLK (AG062333), LDM (NS08779, NS096493), JGR (HD057022), KS (HL119380 and AG060730), and JBR (CA174737), and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Awards to FM-J (BX003725) and JGR (CX001532). J-JC was supported by the Swedish Research Council (grant 2019–01059). VR-Z was supported by the Anna Fischer Dueckelman guest professorship at the University of Zurich.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/8/22
Y1 - 2020/8/22
N2 - Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
AB - Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85089518199&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32828189
AN - SCOPUS:85089518199
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 396
SP - 565
EP - 582
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 10250
ER -