Scattering of Cell Clusters in Confinement

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables scattering of cell clusters and disseminates motile cells to distant locations in vivo during embryonic development and cancer metastasis. Both stiffness and topography of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been shown to influence EMT. In this work, we examine how the integrity of epithelial cell clusters is regulated by subcellular forces, protrusions, and adhesions for varying ECM inputs, such as stiffness, topography, and dimensionality. Our model simulates multicell networks of defined sizes and shapes in ECMs of varied stiffness and geometry. The integrity of cell clusters is dictated by cell-cell junctions, which depend on subcellular forces and adhesion dynamics within each cell of the cluster. Our simulations demonstrate an enhanced dissociation of cell-cell junctions in stiffer and more confined three-dimensional (3D) environments, consistent with experimental findings. In narrow channels, the cell edges parallel to the axis of channels lose their cell-cell junctions more readily than those oriented in the perpendicular direction. The inhibition of protrusive activity and cell polarity disables confinement-dependent cell scattering. Here, cell adhesion and spreading along channel walls is found to be essential for scattering. The model also predicts that two-dimensional (2D) confinement of clusters restricts cell spreading and simultaneously blunts the confinement-sensitive cell scattering. This new, to our knowledge, multiscale model integrates molecular adhesion dynamics, subcellular forces, cellular deformation, and macroscale mechanical properties of the ECM to predict the state of cell clusters of defined shapes and sizes. The predictions made by our model not only match experimental findings from a number of experimental setups, but also provide a new conceptual framework for understanding mechanosensitive cell scattering and EMT.