SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)

On behalf of the N3C Consortium; Asif Rahman; Michael Russell; Wanhong Zheng; Daniel Eckrich; Imtiaz Ahmed; Adam Wilcox; Adam M. Lee; Alexis Graves; Alfred Anzalone; Amin Manna; Amit Saha; Amy Olex; Andrea Zhou; Andrew E. Williams; Andrew Southerland; Andrew T. Girvin; Anita Walden; Anjali A. Sharathkumar; Benjamin Amor; Benjamin Bates; Brian Hendricks; Brijesh Patel; Caleb Alexander; Carolyn Bramante; Cavin Ward-Caviness; Charisse Madlock-Brown; Christine Suver; Christopher Chute; Christopher Dillon; Chunlei Wu; Clare Schmitt; Cliff Takemoto; Dan Housman; Davera Gabriel; David A. Eichmann; Diego Mazzotti; Don Brown; Eilis Boudreau; Elaine Hill; Elizabeth Zampino; Emily Carlson Marti; Emily R. Pfaff; Evan French; Farrukh M. Koraishy; Federico Mariona; Fred Prior; George Sokos; Greg Martin; Harold Lehmann; Heidi Spratt; Hemalkumar Mehta; Hongfang Liu; Hythem Sidky; J. W.Awori Hayanga; Jami Pincavitch; Jaylyn Clark; Jeremy Richard Harper; Jessica Islam; Jin Ge; Joel Gagnier; Joel H. Saltz; Joel Saltz; Johanna Loomba; John Buse; Jomol Mathew; Joni L. Rutter; Julie A. McMurry; Justin Guinney; Justin Starren; Karen Crowley; Katie Rebecca Brad-Well; Kellie M. Walters; Ken Wilkins; Kenneth R. Gersing; Kenrick Dwain Cato; Kimberly Murray; Kristin Kostka; Lavance Northington; Allan Pyles Lee; Leonie Misquitta; Lesley Cot; Lili Portilla; Mariam Deacy; Mark M. Bissell; Marshall Clark; Mary Emmett; Mary Morrison Saltz; Matvey B. Palchuk; Melissa A. Haendel; Meredith Adams; Meredith Temple-O’Connor; Michael G. Kurilla; Michele Morris; Nabeel Qureshi; Nasia Safdar; Nicole Garbar; Noha Sharafeldin; Ofer Sadan; Patricia A. Francis; Penny Wung Burgoon; Peter Robinson; Philip R.O. Payne; Rafael Fuentes; Randeep Jawa; Rebecca Erwin-Cohen; Rena Patel; Richard A. Moffitt; Richard L. Zhu; Rishi Kamaleswaran; Robert Hurley; Robert T. Miller; Saiju Pyarajan; Sam G. Michael; Samuel Bozzette; Sandeep Mallipattu; Satyanarayana Vedula; Scott Chapman; Shawn T. O’Neil; Soko Setoguchi; Stephanie S. Hong; Steve Johnson; Tellen D. Bennett; Tiffany Callahan; Umit Topaloglu; Usman Sheikh; Valery Gordon; Vignesh Subbian; Warren A. Kibbe; Wenndy Hernandez; Will Beasley; Will Cooper; William Hillegass; Xiaohan Tanner Zhang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)

On behalf of the N3C Consortium, Asif Rahman, Michael Russell, Wanhong Zheng, Daniel Eckrich, Imtiaz Ahmed, Adam Wilcox, Adam M. Lee, Alexis Graves, Alfred Anzalone, Amin Manna, Amit Saha, Amy Olex, Andrea Zhou, Andrew E. Williams, Andrew Southerland, Andrew T. Girvin, Anita Walden, Anjali A. Sharathkumar, Benjamin AmorBenjamin Bates, Brian Hendricks, Brijesh Patel, Caleb Alexander, Carolyn Bramante, Cavin Ward-Caviness, Charisse Madlock-Brown, Christine Suver, Christopher Chute, Christopher Dillon, Chunlei Wu, Clare Schmitt, Cliff Takemoto, Dan Housman, Davera Gabriel, David A. Eichmann, Diego Mazzotti, Don Brown, Eilis Boudreau, Elaine Hill, Elizabeth Zampino, Emily Carlson Marti, Emily R. Pfaff, Evan French, Farrukh M. Koraishy, Federico Mariona, Fred Prior, George Sokos, Greg Martin, Harold Lehmann, Heidi Spratt, Hemalkumar Mehta, Hongfang Liu, Hythem Sidky, J. W.Awori Hayanga, Jami Pincavitch, Jaylyn Clark, Jeremy Richard Harper, Jessica Islam, Jin Ge, Joel Gagnier, Joel H. Saltz, Joel Saltz, Johanna Loomba, John Buse, Jomol Mathew, Joni L. Rutter, Julie A. McMurry, Justin Guinney, Justin Starren, Karen Crowley, Katie Rebecca Brad-Well, Kellie M. Walters, Ken Wilkins, Kenneth R. Gersing, Kenrick Dwain Cato, Kimberly Murray, Kristin Kostka, Lavance Northington, Allan Pyles Lee, Leonie Misquitta, Lesley Cot, Lili Portilla, Mariam Deacy, Mark M. Bissell, Marshall Clark, Mary Emmett, Mary Morrison Saltz, Matvey B. Palchuk, Melissa A. Haendel, Meredith Adams, Meredith Temple-O’Connor, Michael G. Kurilla, Michele Morris, Nabeel Qureshi, Nasia Safdar, Nicole Garbar, Noha Sharafeldin, Ofer Sadan, Patricia A. Francis, Penny Wung Burgoon, Peter Robinson, Philip R.O. Payne, Rafael Fuentes, Randeep Jawa, Rebecca Erwin-Cohen, Rena Patel, Richard A. Moffitt, Richard L. Zhu, Rishi Kamaleswaran, Robert Hurley, Robert T. Miller, Saiju Pyarajan, Sam G. Michael, Samuel Bozzette, Sandeep Mallipattu, Satyanarayana Vedula, Scott Chapman, Shawn T. O’Neil, Soko Setoguchi, Stephanie S. Hong, Steve Johnson, Tellen D. Bennett, Tiffany Callahan, Umit Topaloglu, Usman Sheikh, Valery Gordon, Vignesh Subbian, Warren A. Kibbe, Wenndy Hernandez, Will Beasley, Will Cooper, William Hillegass, Xiaohan Tanner Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab-negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-19 positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-19 negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-19 negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARSCoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.

Original language	English
Article number	e0295891
Journal	PloS one
Volume	19
Issue number	5 May
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295891
State	Published - May 2024

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10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

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On behalf of the N3C Consortium, Rahman, A., Russell, M., Zheng, W., Eckrich, D., Ahmed, I., Wilcox, A., Lee, A. M., Graves, A., Anzalone, A., Manna, A., Saha, A., Olex, A., Zhou, A., Williams, A. E., Southerland, A., Girvin, A. T., Walden, A., Sharathkumar, A. A., ... Zhang, X. T. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C). PloS one, 19(5 May), Article e0295891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

@article{6247df790890430281db4e74df8a797a,

title = "SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)",

abstract = "Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab-negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-19 positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-19 negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-19 negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARSCoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.",

author = "{On behalf of the N3C Consortium} and Asif Rahman and Michael Russell and Wanhong Zheng and Daniel Eckrich and Imtiaz Ahmed and Adam Wilcox and Lee, {Adam M.} and Alexis Graves and Alfred Anzalone and Amin Manna and Amit Saha and Amy Olex and Andrea Zhou and Williams, {Andrew E.} and Andrew Southerland and Girvin, {Andrew T.} and Anita Walden and Sharathkumar, {Anjali A.} and Benjamin Amor and Benjamin Bates and Brian Hendricks and Brijesh Patel and Caleb Alexander and Carolyn Bramante and Cavin Ward-Caviness and Charisse Madlock-Brown and Christine Suver and Christopher Chute and Christopher Dillon and Chunlei Wu and Clare Schmitt and Cliff Takemoto and Dan Housman and Davera Gabriel and Eichmann, {David A.} and Diego Mazzotti and Don Brown and Eilis Boudreau and Elaine Hill and Elizabeth Zampino and {Carlson Marti}, Emily and Pfaff, {Emily R.} and Evan French and Koraishy, {Farrukh M.} and Federico Mariona and Fred Prior and George Sokos and Greg Martin and Harold Lehmann and Heidi Spratt and Hemalkumar Mehta and Hongfang Liu and Hythem Sidky and Hayanga, {J. W.Awori} and Jami Pincavitch and Jaylyn Clark and Harper, {Jeremy Richard} and Jessica Islam and Jin Ge and Joel Gagnier and Saltz, {Joel H.} and Joel Saltz and Johanna Loomba and John Buse and Jomol Mathew and Rutter, {Joni L.} and McMurry, {Julie A.} and Justin Guinney and Justin Starren and Karen Crowley and Brad-Well, {Katie Rebecca} and Walters, {Kellie M.} and Ken Wilkins and Gersing, {Kenneth R.} and {Dwain Cato}, Kenrick and Kimberly Murray and Kristin Kostka and Lavance Northington and Lee, {Allan Pyles} and Leonie Misquitta and Lesley Cot and Lili Portilla and Mariam Deacy and Bissell, {Mark M.} and Marshall Clark and Mary Emmett and {Morrison Saltz}, Mary and Palchuk, {Matvey B.} and Haendel, {Melissa A.} and Meredith Adams and Meredith Temple-O{\textquoteright}Connor and Kurilla, {Michael G.} and Michele Morris and Nabeel Qureshi and Nasia Safdar and Nicole Garbar and Noha Sharafeldin and Ofer Sadan and Francis, {Patricia A.} and {Wung Burgoon}, Penny and Peter Robinson and Payne, {Philip R.O.} and Rafael Fuentes and Randeep Jawa and Rebecca Erwin-Cohen and Rena Patel and Moffitt, {Richard A.} and Zhu, {Richard L.} and Rishi Kamaleswaran and Robert Hurley and Miller, {Robert T.} and Saiju Pyarajan and Michael, {Sam G.} and Samuel Bozzette and Sandeep Mallipattu and Satyanarayana Vedula and Scott Chapman and O{\textquoteright}Neil, {Shawn T.} and Soko Setoguchi and Hong, {Stephanie S.} and Steve Johnson and Bennett, {Tellen D.} and Tiffany Callahan and Umit Topaloglu and Usman Sheikh and Valery Gordon and Vignesh Subbian and Kibbe, {Warren A.} and Wenndy Hernandez and Will Beasley and Will Cooper and William Hillegass and Zhang, {Xiaohan Tanner}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Rahman et al.",

year = "2024",

month = may,

doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0295891",

language = "English",

volume = "19",

journal = "PloS one",

issn = "1932-6203",

number = "5 May",

}

On behalf of the N3C Consortium, Rahman, A, Russell, M, Zheng, W, Eckrich, D, Ahmed, I, Wilcox, A, Lee, AM, Graves, A, Anzalone, A, Manna, A, Saha, A, Olex, A, Zhou, A, Williams, AE, Southerland, A, Girvin, AT, Walden, A, Sharathkumar, AA, Amor, B, Bates, B, Hendricks, B, Patel, B, Alexander, C, Bramante, C, Ward-Caviness, C, Madlock-Brown, C, Suver, C, Chute, C, Dillon, C, Wu, C, Schmitt, C, Takemoto, C, Housman, D, Gabriel, D, Eichmann, DA, Mazzotti, D, Brown, D, Boudreau, E, Hill, E, Zampino, E, Carlson Marti, E, Pfaff, ER, French, E, Koraishy, FM, Mariona, F, Prior, F, Sokos, G, Martin, G, Lehmann, H, Spratt, H, Mehta, H, Liu, H, Sidky, H, Hayanga, JWA, Pincavitch, J, Clark, J, Harper, JR, Islam, J, Ge, J, Gagnier, J, Saltz, JH, Saltz, J, Loomba, J, Buse, J, Mathew, J, Rutter, JL, McMurry, JA, Guinney, J, Starren, J, Crowley, K, Brad-Well, KR, Walters, KM, Wilkins, K, Gersing, KR, Dwain Cato, K, Murray, K, Kostka, K, Northington, L, Lee, AP, Misquitta, L, Cot, L, Portilla, L, Deacy, M, Bissell, MM, Clark, M, Emmett, M, Morrison Saltz, M, Palchuk, MB, Haendel, MA, Adams, M, Temple-O’Connor, M, Kurilla, MG, Morris, M, Qureshi, N, Safdar, N, Garbar, N, Sharafeldin, N, Sadan, O, Francis, PA, Wung Burgoon, P, Robinson, P, Payne, PRO, Fuentes, R, Jawa, R, Erwin-Cohen, R, Patel, R, Moffitt, RA, Zhu, RL, Kamaleswaran, R, Hurley, R, Miller, RT, Pyarajan, S, Michael, SG, Bozzette, S, Mallipattu, S, Vedula, S, Chapman, S, O’Neil, ST, Setoguchi, S, Hong, SS, Johnson, S, Bennett, TD, Callahan, T, Topaloglu, U, Sheikh, U, Gordon, V, Subbian, V, Kibbe, WA, Hernandez, W, Beasley, W, Cooper, W, Hillegass, W & Zhang, XT 2024, 'SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)', PloS one, vol. 19, no. 5 May, e0295891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C). / On behalf of the N3C Consortium; Rahman, Asif; Russell, Michael et al.
In: PloS one, Vol. 19, No. 5 May, e0295891, 05.2024.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder

T2 - A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)

AU - On behalf of the N3C Consortium

AU - Rahman, Asif

AU - Russell, Michael

AU - Zheng, Wanhong

AU - Eckrich, Daniel

AU - Ahmed, Imtiaz

AU - Wilcox, Adam

AU - Lee, Adam M.

AU - Graves, Alexis

AU - Anzalone, Alfred

AU - Manna, Amin

AU - Saha, Amit

AU - Olex, Amy

AU - Zhou, Andrea

AU - Williams, Andrew E.

AU - Southerland, Andrew

AU - Girvin, Andrew T.

AU - Walden, Anita

AU - Sharathkumar, Anjali A.

AU - Amor, Benjamin

AU - Bates, Benjamin

AU - Hendricks, Brian

AU - Patel, Brijesh

AU - Alexander, Caleb

AU - Bramante, Carolyn

AU - Ward-Caviness, Cavin

AU - Madlock-Brown, Charisse

AU - Suver, Christine

AU - Chute, Christopher

AU - Dillon, Christopher

AU - Wu, Chunlei

AU - Schmitt, Clare

AU - Takemoto, Cliff

AU - Housman, Dan

AU - Gabriel, Davera

AU - Eichmann, David A.

AU - Mazzotti, Diego

AU - Brown, Don

AU - Boudreau, Eilis

AU - Hill, Elaine

AU - Zampino, Elizabeth

AU - Carlson Marti, Emily

AU - Pfaff, Emily R.

AU - French, Evan

AU - Koraishy, Farrukh M.

AU - Mariona, Federico

AU - Prior, Fred

AU - Sokos, George

AU - Martin, Greg

AU - Lehmann, Harold

AU - Spratt, Heidi

AU - Mehta, Hemalkumar

AU - Liu, Hongfang

AU - Sidky, Hythem

AU - Hayanga, J. W.Awori

AU - Pincavitch, Jami

AU - Clark, Jaylyn

AU - Harper, Jeremy Richard

AU - Islam, Jessica

AU - Ge, Jin

AU - Gagnier, Joel

AU - Saltz, Joel H.

AU - Saltz, Joel

AU - Loomba, Johanna

AU - Buse, John

AU - Mathew, Jomol

AU - Rutter, Joni L.

AU - McMurry, Julie A.

AU - Guinney, Justin

AU - Starren, Justin

AU - Crowley, Karen

AU - Brad-Well, Katie Rebecca

AU - Walters, Kellie M.

AU - Wilkins, Ken

AU - Gersing, Kenneth R.

AU - Dwain Cato, Kenrick

AU - Murray, Kimberly

AU - Kostka, Kristin

AU - Northington, Lavance

AU - Lee, Allan Pyles

AU - Misquitta, Leonie

AU - Cot, Lesley

AU - Portilla, Lili

AU - Deacy, Mariam

AU - Bissell, Mark M.

AU - Clark, Marshall

AU - Emmett, Mary

AU - Morrison Saltz, Mary

AU - Palchuk, Matvey B.

AU - Haendel, Melissa A.

AU - Adams, Meredith

AU - Temple-O’Connor, Meredith

AU - Kurilla, Michael G.

AU - Morris, Michele

AU - Qureshi, Nabeel

AU - Safdar, Nasia

AU - Garbar, Nicole

AU - Sharafeldin, Noha

AU - Sadan, Ofer

AU - Francis, Patricia A.

AU - Wung Burgoon, Penny

AU - Robinson, Peter

AU - Payne, Philip R.O.

AU - Fuentes, Rafael

AU - Jawa, Randeep

AU - Erwin-Cohen, Rebecca

AU - Patel, Rena

AU - Moffitt, Richard A.

AU - Zhu, Richard L.

AU - Kamaleswaran, Rishi

AU - Hurley, Robert

AU - Miller, Robert T.

AU - Pyarajan, Saiju

AU - Michael, Sam G.

AU - Bozzette, Samuel

AU - Mallipattu, Sandeep

AU - Vedula, Satyanarayana

AU - Chapman, Scott

AU - O’Neil, Shawn T.

AU - Setoguchi, Soko

AU - Hong, Stephanie S.

AU - Johnson, Steve

AU - Bennett, Tellen D.

AU - Callahan, Tiffany

AU - Topaloglu, Umit

AU - Sheikh, Usman

AU - Gordon, Valery

AU - Subbian, Vignesh

AU - Kibbe, Warren A.

AU - Hernandez, Wenndy

AU - Beasley, Will

AU - Cooper, Will

AU - Hillegass, William

AU - Zhang, Xiaohan Tanner

PY - 2024/5

Y1 - 2024/5

N2 - Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab-negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-19 positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-19 negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-19 negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARSCoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.

AB - Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab-negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-19 positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-19 negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-19 negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARSCoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85194995269&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0295891

M3 - Article

C2 - 38814888

AN - SCOPUS:85194995269

SN - 1932-6203

VL - 19

JO - PloS one

JF - PloS one

IS - 5 May

M1 - e0295891

ER -

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)

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