TY - JOUR
T1 - Regulation of oral antigen delivery early in life
T2 - Implications for oral tolerance and food allergy
AU - Yokanovich, Lila T.
AU - Newberry, Rodney D.
AU - Knoop, Kathryn A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - The increasing incidence of food allergy remains a significant public health concern. Food allergy is partially due to a lack, or loss of tolerance to food allergens. Clinical outcomes surrounding early life practices, such as breastfeeding, antibiotic use and food allergen exposure, indicate the first year of life in children represents a unique time for shaping the immune system to reduce allergic outcomes. Animal models have identified distinctive aspects of when and where dietary antigens are delivered within the intestinal tract to promote oral tolerance prior to weaning. Additionally, animal models have identified contributions from maternal proteins from breast milk and bacterial products from the gut microbiota in regulating dietary antigen exposure and promoting oral tolerance, thus connecting decades of clinical observations on the benefits of breastfeeding, early food allergen introduction and antibiotic avoidance in the first year of life in reducing allergic outcomes. Here, we discuss how exposure to gut luminal antigens, including food allergens, is regulated in early life to generate protective tolerance and the implications of this process for preventing and treating food allergies.
AB - The increasing incidence of food allergy remains a significant public health concern. Food allergy is partially due to a lack, or loss of tolerance to food allergens. Clinical outcomes surrounding early life practices, such as breastfeeding, antibiotic use and food allergen exposure, indicate the first year of life in children represents a unique time for shaping the immune system to reduce allergic outcomes. Animal models have identified distinctive aspects of when and where dietary antigens are delivered within the intestinal tract to promote oral tolerance prior to weaning. Additionally, animal models have identified contributions from maternal proteins from breast milk and bacterial products from the gut microbiota in regulating dietary antigen exposure and promoting oral tolerance, thus connecting decades of clinical observations on the benefits of breastfeeding, early food allergen introduction and antibiotic avoidance in the first year of life in reducing allergic outcomes. Here, we discuss how exposure to gut luminal antigens, including food allergens, is regulated in early life to generate protective tolerance and the implications of this process for preventing and treating food allergies.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099578870&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/cea.13823
DO - 10.1111/cea.13823
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33403739
AN - SCOPUS:85099578870
SN - 0954-7894
VL - 51
SP - 518
EP - 526
JO - Clinical and Experimental Allergy
JF - Clinical and Experimental Allergy
IS - 4
ER -