Reactive chlorinating species produced during neutrophil activation target tissue plasmalogens: Production of the chemoattractant, 2-chlorohexadecanal

Recently α-chloro fatty aldehydes have been shown to be products of reactive chlorinating species targeting the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens utilizing a cell-free system. Accordingly, the present experiments were designed to show that α-chloro fatty aldehydes are produced by activated neutrophils and to determine their physiologic effects. A sensitive gas chromatographymass spectrometry technique was developed to detect pentafluorobenzyl oximes of α-chloro fatty aldehydes utilizing negative ion chemical ionization. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activation of neutrophils resulted in the production of both 2-chlorohexadecanal and 2-chlorooctadecanal through a myeloperoxidase-dependent mechanism that likely involved the targeting of both 16 and 18 carbon vinyl ether-linked aliphatic groups present in the sn-1 position of neutrophil plasmalogens. 2-Chlorohexadecanal was also produced by fMLP-treated neutrophils. Additionally, reactive chlorinating species released from activated neutrophils targeted endothelial cell plasmalogens resulting in 2-chlorohexadecanal production. Physiologically relevant concentrations of 2-chlorohexadecanal induced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro suggesting that a-chloro fatty aldehydes may have a role in neutrophil recruitment. Taken together, these studies demonstrate for the first time a novel biochemical mechanism that targets the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens during neutrophil activation resulting in the production of α-chloro fatty aldehydes that may enhance the recruitment of neutrophils to areas of active inflammation.