TY - JOUR
T1 - Race and Gender-Based Perceptions of Older Adults
T2 - Will the Youth Lead the Way?
AU - Solola, Sade
AU - Luy, Luis
AU - Herrera-Theut, Kathryn
AU - Zabala, Leanne
AU - Torabzadeh, Elmira
AU - Bedrick, Edward J.
AU - Yee, Erika
AU - Larsen, Ashley
AU - Stone, Jeff
AU - McEwen, Marylyn
AU - Calhoun, Elizabeth
AU - Crist, Janice D.
AU - Hebdon, Megan
AU - Pool, Natalie
AU - Carnes, Molly
AU - Sweitzer, Nancy
AU - Breathett, Khadijah
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Breathett received support from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute K01HL142848 and L30HL14888; University of Arizona Health Sciences, Strategic Priorities Faculty Initiative Grant; and University of Arizona, Sarver Heart Center, Women of Color Heart Health Education Committee. Mr. Luy received support from National Institute of Health R25HL108837. Dr. Carnes received support from National Institute of Health R35GM122557. Availability of Data and Material Code Availability
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - Background: Older individuals encounter the greatest racial/gender biases. It is unknown whether younger generations, who often lead culture shifts, have racial and gender biases against older populations. Methods: Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk’s crowdsourcing, we identified how an individual’s race and gender are associated with perceptions of individuals aged mid-60s. Participants were asked to rate photograph appearances on Likert Scale (1–10). Interactions between participant and photograph race and gender were assessed with mixed effects models. Delta represents rating differences (positive value higher rating for Whites or women, negative value higher rating for African-Americans or men). Results: Among 1563 participants (mean 35 years ± 12), both non-Hispanic White (WP) and all Other race/ethnicity (OP) participants perceived African-American photos as more trustworthy [Delta WP -0.60(95%CI–0.83, − 0.37); Delta OP − 0.51(− 0.74,-0.28), interaction p = 0.06], more attractive [Delta non-Hispanic White participants − 0.63(− 0.97, − 0.29); Delta Other race/ethnicity participants − 0.40 (− 0.74, − 0.28), interaction p < 0.001], healthier [Delta WP -0.31(− 0.53, − 0.08); Delta OP -0.24(− 0.45, −0.03), interaction p = 1.00], and less threatening than White photos [Delta WP 0.79(0.36,1.22); Delta OP 0.60(0.17,1.03), interaction p < 0.001]. Compared with OP, WP perceived African-American photos more favorably for intelligence (interaction p < 0.001). Both genders perceived photos of women as more trustworthy [Delta Women Participants (WmP) 0.50(0.27,0.73); Delta Men Participants(MnP) 0.31(0.08,0.54); interaction p < 0.001] and men as more threatening [Delta WmP -0.84(−1.27, −0.41), Delta MnP − 0.77(− 1.20, − 0.34), interaction p = 0.93]. Compared with MnP, WmP perceived photos of women as happier and more attractive than men (interaction p < 0.001). Compared with WmP, MnP perceived men as healthier than women (interaction p < 0.001). Conclusions: Among a young generation, older African-Americans were perceived more favorably than Whites. Gender perceptions followed gender norms. This suggests a decline in implicit bias against older minorities, but gender biases persist. Future work should investigate whether similar patterns are observed in healthcare.
AB - Background: Older individuals encounter the greatest racial/gender biases. It is unknown whether younger generations, who often lead culture shifts, have racial and gender biases against older populations. Methods: Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk’s crowdsourcing, we identified how an individual’s race and gender are associated with perceptions of individuals aged mid-60s. Participants were asked to rate photograph appearances on Likert Scale (1–10). Interactions between participant and photograph race and gender were assessed with mixed effects models. Delta represents rating differences (positive value higher rating for Whites or women, negative value higher rating for African-Americans or men). Results: Among 1563 participants (mean 35 years ± 12), both non-Hispanic White (WP) and all Other race/ethnicity (OP) participants perceived African-American photos as more trustworthy [Delta WP -0.60(95%CI–0.83, − 0.37); Delta OP − 0.51(− 0.74,-0.28), interaction p = 0.06], more attractive [Delta non-Hispanic White participants − 0.63(− 0.97, − 0.29); Delta Other race/ethnicity participants − 0.40 (− 0.74, − 0.28), interaction p < 0.001], healthier [Delta WP -0.31(− 0.53, − 0.08); Delta OP -0.24(− 0.45, −0.03), interaction p = 1.00], and less threatening than White photos [Delta WP 0.79(0.36,1.22); Delta OP 0.60(0.17,1.03), interaction p < 0.001]. Compared with OP, WP perceived African-American photos more favorably for intelligence (interaction p < 0.001). Both genders perceived photos of women as more trustworthy [Delta Women Participants (WmP) 0.50(0.27,0.73); Delta Men Participants(MnP) 0.31(0.08,0.54); interaction p < 0.001] and men as more threatening [Delta WmP -0.84(−1.27, −0.41), Delta MnP − 0.77(− 1.20, − 0.34), interaction p = 0.93]. Compared with MnP, WmP perceived photos of women as happier and more attractive than men (interaction p < 0.001). Compared with WmP, MnP perceived men as healthier than women (interaction p < 0.001). Conclusions: Among a young generation, older African-Americans were perceived more favorably than Whites. Gender perceptions followed gender norms. This suggests a decline in implicit bias against older minorities, but gender biases persist. Future work should investigate whether similar patterns are observed in healthcare.
KW - Gender disparities
KW - Perceptions
KW - Racial disparities
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85094961292&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s40615-020-00903-7
DO - 10.1007/s40615-020-00903-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 33145664
AN - SCOPUS:85094961292
SN - 2197-3792
VL - 8
SP - 1415
EP - 1423
JO - Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
JF - Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
IS - 6
ER -