@article{43984ea124ed483d8f9dd09e4f7f865d,
title = "Psychiatric and familial predictors of transition times between smoking stages: Results from an offspring-of-twins study",
abstract = "The modifying effects of psychiatric and familial risk factors on age at smoking initiation, rate of progression from first cigarette to regular smoking, and transition time from regular smoking to nicotine dependence (ND) were examined in 1269 offspring of male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Mean age of the sample was 20.1 years. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses adjusting for paternal alcohol dependence and ND status and maternal ND were conducted. Both early age at first cigarette and rapid transition from initiation to regular smoking were associated with externalizing disorders, alcohol consumption, and cannabis use. Rapid escalation from regular smoking to ND was also predicted by externalizing disorders, but in contrast to earlier transitions, revealed a strong association with internalizing disorders and no significant relationship with use of other substances. Findings characterize a rarely examined aspect of the course of ND development and highlight critical distinctions in risk profiles across stages of tobacco involvement.",
keywords = "Family environment, Psychopathology, Risk factors, Smoking, Stage transition, Twin",
author = "Sartor, {Carolyn E.} and Hong Xian and Scherrer, {Jeffrey F.} and Lynskey, {Michael T.} and Duncan, {Alexis E.} and Haber, {J. Randolph} and Grant, {Julia D.} and Bucholz, {Kathleen K.} and Theodore Jacob",
note = "Funding Information: This study was funded by grants AA11667, AA11822, AA007580, and AA11998 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, grants DA18660, DA14363, DA020810, and DA18267 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and from a Merit Review Grant (Jacob) from the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service. The Department of Veterans Affairs has provided financial support for the development and maintenance of the VET Registry. Numerous organizations have provided invaluable assistance in the conduct of this study, including: Department of Defense, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration, the Internal Revenue Service, National Opinion Research Center, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Survey Research at Temple University. Most importantly, the authors gratefully acknowledge the continued cooperation and participation of the members of the VET Registry and their families. ",
year = "2008",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.002",
language = "English",
volume = "33",
pages = "235--251",
journal = "Addictive Behaviors",
issn = "0306-4603",
number = "2",
}