@article{0f8e4487dfc94620bc1590a58281d841,
title = "Prior differences in previous trauma exposure primarily drive the observed racial/ethnic differences in posttrauma depression and anxiety following a recent trauma",
abstract = "Background Racial and ethnic groups in the USA differ in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent research however has not observed consistent racial/ethnic differences in posttraumatic stress in the early aftermath of trauma, suggesting that such differences in chronic PTSD rates may be related to differences in recovery over time. Methods As part of the multisite, longitudinal AURORA study, we investigated racial/ethnic differences in PTSD and related outcomes within 3 months after trauma. Participants (n = 930) were recruited from emergency departments across the USA and provided periodic (2 weeks, 8 weeks, and 3 months after trauma) self-report assessments of PTSD, depression, dissociation, anxiety, and resilience. Linear models were completed to investigate racial/ethnic differences in posttraumatic dysfunction with subsequent follow-up models assessing potential effects of prior life stressors. Results Racial/ethnic groups did not differ in symptoms over time; however, Black participants showed reduced posttraumatic depression and anxiety symptoms overall compared to Hispanic participants and White participants. Racial/ethnic differences were not attenuated after accounting for differences in sociodemographic factors. However, racial/ethnic differences in depression and anxiety were no longer significant after accounting for greater prior trauma exposure and childhood emotional abuse in White participants. Conclusions The present findings suggest prior differences in previous trauma exposure partially mediate the observed racial/ethnic differences in posttraumatic depression and anxiety symptoms following a recent trauma. Our findings further demonstrate that racial/ethnic groups show similar rates of symptom recovery over time. Future work utilizing longer time-scale data is needed to elucidate potential racial/ethnic differences in long-term symptom trajectories.",
keywords = "Disparities, anxiety, depression, ethnicity, race, trauma",
author = "Harnett, {N. G.} and Dumornay, {N. M.} and M. Delity and Sanchez, {L. D.} and K. Mohiuddin and Musey, {P. I.} and Seamon, {M. J.} and McLean, {S. A.} and Kessler, {R. C.} and Koenen, {K. C.} and Beaudoin, {F. L.} and Lebois, {L. A.M.} and {Van Rooij}, {S. J.H.} and Sampson, {N. A.} and V. Michopoulos and Maples-Keller, {J. L.} and Haran, {J. P.} and Storrow, {A. B.} and C. Lewandowski and Hendry, {P. L.} and S. Sheikh and Jones, {C. W.} and Punches, {B. E.} and Kurz, {M. C.} and Swor, {R. A.} and McGrath, {M. E.} and Hudak, {L. A.} and Pascual, {J. L.} and House, {S. L.} and X. An and Stevens, {J. S.} and Neylan, {T. C.} and T. Jovanovic and Linnstaedt, {S. D.} and Germine, {L. T.} and Datner, {E. M.} and Chang, {A. M.} and C. Pearson and Peak, {D. A.} and Merchant, {R. C.} and Domeier, {R. M.} and Rathlev, {N. K.} and O'Neil, {B. J.} and P. Sergot and Bruce, {S. E.} and Miller, {M. W.} and Pietrzak, {R. H.} and J. Joormann and Barch, {D. M.} and Pizzagalli, {D. A.} and Sheridan, {J. F.} and Smoller, {J. W.} and B. Luna and Harte, {S. E.} and Elliott, {J. M.} and Ressler, {K. J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The investigators wish to thank the trauma survivors participating in the AURORA Study. Their time and effort during a challenging period of their lives make our efforts to improve recovery for future trauma survivors possible. Funding for the study was provided by NIMH K00MH119603, K01MH118467, U01MH110925, the US Army Medical Research and Material Command, The One Mind Foundation, and The Mayday Fund. Mindstrong Health provided software used to perform study assessments Funding Information: Funding for the study was provided by NIMH K00MH119603, K01MH118467, U01MH110925, the US Army Medical Research and Material Command, The One Mind Foundation, and The Mayday Fund. Funding Information: In the past 3 years, Dr Kessler received support for his epidemiological studies from Sanofi Aventis; was a consultant for Datastat, Inc., Sage Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda. Dr Sheikh has received funding from the Florida Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriter's Association Dr Alvin E. Smith Safety of Healthcare Services Grant; the NIH/NIA-funded Jacksonville Aging Studies Center (JAX-ASCENT; R33AG05654); and the Florida Blue Foundation. Dr Ressler serves on advisory boards or has performed scientific consultation for Takeda, Janssen, Bioxcel, Bionomics, and Verily, and he has received sponsored research support from Takeda, Alto Neuroscience, and Brainsway. He receives funding from NIH and the Brain and Behavior Research Fund. Dr Jones reports no direct conflicts related to this paper, and no ongoing conflicts. He has been an investigator on studies funded by Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Vapotherm Inc., and Hologic Inc., for which my department has received research funding. Over the past 3 years, Dr Pizzagalli has received consulting fees from BlackThorn Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Compass Pathway, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Engrail Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals; one honorarium from Alkermes, and research funding from Millennium Pharmaceuticals. In addition, he has received stock options from BlackThorn Therapeutics. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. Dr Elliott reports support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through grant numbers R01HD079076 and R03HD094577: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, and consulting fees (<$15 000 per annum) from Orofacial Therapeutics, LLC. He also reports funding from New South Wales Health Spinal Cord Injury Research Grants Program. Dr Germine is on the scientific advisory board of the nonprofit Sage Bionetworks, for which she receives a small honorarium. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1017/S0033291721004475",
language = "English",
volume = "53",
pages = "2553--2562",
journal = "Psychological Medicine",
issn = "0033-2917",
number = "6",
}