@article{3c500f0ea72d4f88af5c3978180b92c6,
title = "Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer",
abstract = "Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the potential to minimise the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.",
author = "Jack Cuzick and Thorat, {Mangesh A.} and Gerald Andriole and Brawley, {Otis W.} and Brown, {Powel H.} and Zoran Culig and Eeles, {Rosalind A.} and Ford, {Leslie G.} and Hamdy, {Freddie C.} and Lars Holmberg and Dragan Ilic and Key, {Timothy J.} and Vecchia, {Carlo La} and Hans Lilja and Michael Marberger and Meyskens, {Frank L.} and Minasian, {Lori M.} and Chris Parker and Parnes, {Howard L.} and Sven Perner and Harry Rittenhouse and Jack Schalken and Schmid, {Hans Peter} and Schmitz-Dr{\"a}ger, {Bernd J.} and Schr{\"o}der, {Fritz H.} and Arnulf Stenzl and Bertrand Tombal and Wilt, {Timothy J.} and Alicja Wolk",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Vesna Florijancic, Liz Pinney, and Ellie Stewart for administrative assistance. This Review was sponsored and funded by the International Society of Cancer Prevention (ISCaP), the European Association of Urology (EAU), the National Cancer Institute, USA (NCI) (grant number 1R13CA171707-01), Prostate Cancer UK, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C569/A16477), and the Association for International Cancer Research (AICR). Sponsors and funding sources had no role in the discussion or writing of this manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the authors' respective institutions. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",
year = "2014",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6",
language = "English",
volume = "15",
pages = "e484--e492",
journal = "The Lancet Oncology",
issn = "1470-2045",
number = "11",
}