@article{e0bbc33a31894eb1be43b8b1bcb5fbce,
title = "Phylogeographic and phenotypic outcomes of brown anole colonization across the Caribbean provide insight into the beginning stages of an adaptive radiation",
abstract = "Some of the most important insights into the ecological and evolutionary processes of diversification and speciation have come from studies of island adaptive radiations, yet relatively little research has examined how these radiations initiate. We suggest that Anolis sagrei is a candidate for understanding the origins of the Caribbean Anolis adaptive radiation and how a colonizing anole species begins to undergo allopatric diversification, phenotypic divergence and, potentially, speciation. We undertook a genomic and morphological analysis of representative populations across the entire native range of A. sagrei, finding that the species originated in the early Pliocene, with the deepest divergence occurring between western and eastern Cuba. Lineages from these two regions subsequently colonized the northern Caribbean. We find that at the broadest scale, populations colonizing areas with fewer closely related competitors tend to evolve larger body size and more lamellae on their toepads. This trend follows expectations for post-colonization divergence from progenitors and convergence in allopatry, whereby populations freed from competition with close relatives evolve towards common morphological and ecological optima. Taken together, our results show a complex history of ancient and recent Cuban diaspora with populations on competitor-poor islands evolving away from their ancestral Cuban populations regardless of their phylogenetic relationships, thus providing insight into the original diversification of colonist anoles at the beginning of the radiation. Our research also supplies an evolutionary framework for the many studies of this increasingly important species in ecological and evolutionary research.",
keywords = "adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, ecological release, morphometrics, next-generation sequencing, phylogeography, population genomics",
author = "Reynolds, {Robert Graham} and Kolbe, {Jason J.} and Glor, {Richard E.} and Marta L{\'o}pez-Darias and {G{\'o}mez Pourroy}, {C. Ver{\'o}nica} and Harrison, {Alexis S.} and {de Queiroz}, Kevin and Revell, {Liam J.} and Losos, {Jonathan B.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful for funding from the Putnam Fund for Research and Exploration from the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the John Templeton Foundation. We are also grateful for funding from the National Museum of Natural History Research Opportunities Fund (to KdQ), National Museum of Natural History Biological Diversity Program (to KdQ), the National Science Foundation (#9318642 to JBL, KdQ, and A. Larson), the European Commission Marie Sklodowska‐Curie actions (to MLD), and Tenerife 2030 (P. INNOVA 2016–2021; MLD). Additional support was also provided by Harvard University, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the National Museum of Natural History, the University of North Carolina Asheville, the University of California Davis, and the University of Massachusetts Boston. All samples were collected with generous permission and permitting from the following agencies: Bahamas Environment, Science, and Technology Commission, Bahamas National Trust, Richard Belisle of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Ministry of Natural Resources of Belize, Cayman Islands Department of Environment, Andrea Donaldson of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority of Jamaica, the Direcci{\'o}n General de Recursos Naturales Renovables of Honduras, and Lourdes Rodr{\'i}guez‐Schettino, Naomi Cuervo Pineda, and Pedro P{\'e}rez Alvarez of the Instituto de Ecolog{\'i}a y Sistematica, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. A special thank you to Lourdes Rodr{\'i}guez‐Schettino who facilitated fieldwork in Cuba. The authors are grateful to the following individuals for assistance with fieldwork: Molly Morris, Leo Fleishman, Marguerite Butler, Duncan Irschick, Lourdes Rodr{\'i}guez‐Schettino, Ada Chamizo, and Todd Jackman. We thank Levi Gray and Steve Poe for loaning four genetic samples from Mexico. We also thank Adri{\'a}n Nieto Montes de Oca (UNAM) for donating samples from Mexico. We thank Breda Zimkus for loaning samples through the Museum of Comparative Zoology Cryogenic Collection, and Jim Hanken and Jos{\'e} Rosado for collection access. We thank Anthony Geneva and Rapha{\"e}l Scherrer for some R code and assistance related to LD analyses, as well as Christian Lehner for assistance with some measurements. We further thank members of the Losos, Kolbe, Reynolds, and Revell labs for useful discussions and insight related to this project. We finally thank participants of the 7th Anolis Symposium held at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens for comments on this project. Funding Information: We are grateful for funding from the Putnam Fund for Research and Exploration from the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the John Templeton Foundation. We are also grateful for funding from the National Museum of Natural History Research Opportunities Fund (to KdQ), National Museum of Natural History Biological Diversity Program (to KdQ), the National Science Foundation (#9318642 to JBL, KdQ, and A. Larson), the European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie actions (to MLD), and Tenerife 2030 (P. INNOVA 2016?2021; MLD). Additional support was also provided by Harvard University, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the National Museum of Natural History, the University of North Carolina Asheville, the University of California Davis, and the University of Massachusetts Boston. All samples were collected with generous permission and permitting from the following agencies: Bahamas Environment, Science, and Technology Commission, Bahamas National Trust, Richard Belisle of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Ministry of Natural Resources of Belize, Cayman Islands Department of Environment, Andrea Donaldson of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority of Jamaica, the Direcci?n General de Recursos Naturales Renovables of Honduras, and Lourdes Rodr?guez-Schettino, Naomi Cuervo Pineda, and Pedro P?rez Alvarez of the Instituto de Ecolog?a y Sistematica, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. A special thank you to Lourdes Rodr?guez-Schettino who facilitated fieldwork in Cuba. The authors are grateful to the following individuals for assistance with fieldwork: Molly Morris, Leo Fleishman, Marguerite Butler, Duncan Irschick, Lourdes Rodr?guez-Schettino, Ada Chamizo, and Todd Jackman. We thank Levi Gray and Steve Poe for loaning four genetic samples from Mexico. We also thank Adri?n Nieto Montes de Oca (UNAM) for donating samples from Mexico. We thank Breda Zimkus for loaning samples through the Museum of Comparative Zoology Cryogenic Collection, and Jim Hanken and Jos? Rosado for collection access. We thank Anthony Geneva and Rapha?l Scherrer for some R code and assistance related to LD analyses, as well as Christian Lehner for assistance with some measurements. We further thank members of the Losos, Kolbe, Reynolds, and Revell labs for useful discussions and insight related to this project. We finally thank participants of the 7th Anolis Symposium held at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens for comments on this project. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology {\textcopyright} 2019 European Society For Evolutionary Biology",
year = "2020",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/jeb.13581",
language = "English",
volume = "33",
pages = "468--494",
journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology",
issn = "1010-061X",
number = "4",
}