Photosensitizer formulations in photodynamic therapy of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive degenerative disease that leads to visual impairment, predominantly affecting the elderly. Despite significant advancements in treatment, a definitive cure remains elusive. Current therapeutic strategies only slow down disease progression, inhibiting abnormal blood vessels growth, and preserving or improving vision. Among these strategies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising treatment, particularly for neovascular form, the most severe form of the disease. Although several photosensitizers (PS) have been developed, only one has received clinical approval for use in AMD. This treatment involves the intravenous administration of a photosensitizing agent that preferentially accumulates in the abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula. Upon activation by targeted laser light, the PS triggers photochemical reactions, leading to vascular occlusion and the reduction of choroidal neovascularization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both experimental and clinical studies on PDT for AMD, discussing the current state of research, challenges in treatment optimization, and potential future directions to enhance this therapeutic approach.