TY - JOUR
T1 - Parkinson's disease and history of outdoor occupation
AU - Kwon, Elena
AU - Gallagher, Lisa G.
AU - Nielsen, Susan Searles
AU - Franklin, Gary M.
AU - Littell, Christopher T.
AU - Longstreth, W. T.
AU - Swanson, Phillip D.
AU - Checkoway, Harvey
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the NIH , National Institute of Environmental Health Science R01ES10750 and P42ES004696 , the University of Washington Superfund Research Program . The authors are grateful to Group Health Cooperative and University of Washington neurologists for referral of PD cases and study interviewers for data collection.
PY - 2013/12
Y1 - 2013/12
N2 - Background: Human and animal studies, albeit not fully consistent, suggest that vitamin D may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ultraviolet radiation converts vitamin D precursor to the active form. This study examined the hypothesis that working outdoors is associated with a decreased risk of PD. Methods: PD cases were enrolled from Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Puget Sound region in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic in Seattle. Participants included 447 non-Hispanic Caucasian newly diagnosed PD cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 and 578 unrelated neurologically normal controls enrolled in Group Health Cooperative, frequency matched by race/ethnicity, age and gender. Subjects' amount of outdoor work was estimated from self-reported occupational histories. Jobs were categorized by degree of time spent working outdoors. A ten-year lag interval was included to account for disease latency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking. Results: Outdoor work was inversely associated with risk of PD (outdoor only compared to indoor only): OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.44-1.25. However, there was no trend in relation to portion of the workday spent laboring outdoors and PD risk. Conclusion: Occupational sunlight exposure and other correlates of outdoor work is not likely to have a substantial role in the etiology of PD.
AB - Background: Human and animal studies, albeit not fully consistent, suggest that vitamin D may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ultraviolet radiation converts vitamin D precursor to the active form. This study examined the hypothesis that working outdoors is associated with a decreased risk of PD. Methods: PD cases were enrolled from Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Puget Sound region in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic in Seattle. Participants included 447 non-Hispanic Caucasian newly diagnosed PD cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 and 578 unrelated neurologically normal controls enrolled in Group Health Cooperative, frequency matched by race/ethnicity, age and gender. Subjects' amount of outdoor work was estimated from self-reported occupational histories. Jobs were categorized by degree of time spent working outdoors. A ten-year lag interval was included to account for disease latency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking. Results: Outdoor work was inversely associated with risk of PD (outdoor only compared to indoor only): OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.44-1.25. However, there was no trend in relation to portion of the workday spent laboring outdoors and PD risk. Conclusion: Occupational sunlight exposure and other correlates of outdoor work is not likely to have a substantial role in the etiology of PD.
KW - Occupation
KW - Parkinson's disease
KW - Ultraviolet radiation
KW - Vitamin D
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84889083610&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.014
DO - 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.014
M3 - Article
C2 - 24044947
AN - SCOPUS:84889083610
SN - 1353-8020
VL - 19
SP - 1164
EP - 1166
JO - Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
JF - Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
IS - 12
ER -