TY - JOUR
T1 - Overcome tumor heterogeneity-imposed therapeutic barriers through convergent genomic biomarker discovery
T2 - A braided cancer river model of kidney cancer
AU - Hsieh, James J.
AU - Manley, Brandon J.
AU - Khan, Nabeela
AU - Gao, Jian Jiong
AU - Carlo, Maria I.
AU - Cheng, Emily H.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2017/4
Y1 - 2017/4
N2 - Tumor heterogeneity, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental variables, is extremely complex and presents challenges to cancer diagnosis and therapy. Genomic efforts on genetic intratumor heterogeneity (G-ITH) confirm branched evolution, support the trunk-branch cancer model, and present a seemingly insurmountable obstacle to conquering cancers. G-ITH is conspicuous in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), where its presence complicates identification and validation of biomarkers and thwarts efforts in advancing precision cancer therapeutics. However, long-term clinical benefits on targeted therapy are not uncommon in metastatic ccRCC patients, implicating that there are underlying constraints during ccRCC evolution, which in turn force a nonrandom sequence of parallel gene/pathway/function/phenotype convergence within individual tumors. Accordingly, we proposed a “braided cancer river model” depicting ccRCC evolution, which deduces cancer development based on multiregion tumor genomics of exceptional mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) responders. Furthermore, we employ an outlier case to explore the river model and highlight the importance of “Five NGS Matters: Number, Frequency, Position, Site and Time” in assessing cancer genomics for precision medicine. This mutable cancer river model may capture clinically significant phenotype-convergent events, predict vulnerability/resistance mechanisms, and guide effective therapeutic strategies. Our model originates from studying exceptional responders in ccRCC, which warrants further refinement and future validation concerning its applicability to other cancer types. The goal of this review is employing kidney cancer as an example to illustrate critical issues concerning tumor heterogeneity.
AB - Tumor heterogeneity, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental variables, is extremely complex and presents challenges to cancer diagnosis and therapy. Genomic efforts on genetic intratumor heterogeneity (G-ITH) confirm branched evolution, support the trunk-branch cancer model, and present a seemingly insurmountable obstacle to conquering cancers. G-ITH is conspicuous in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), where its presence complicates identification and validation of biomarkers and thwarts efforts in advancing precision cancer therapeutics. However, long-term clinical benefits on targeted therapy are not uncommon in metastatic ccRCC patients, implicating that there are underlying constraints during ccRCC evolution, which in turn force a nonrandom sequence of parallel gene/pathway/function/phenotype convergence within individual tumors. Accordingly, we proposed a “braided cancer river model” depicting ccRCC evolution, which deduces cancer development based on multiregion tumor genomics of exceptional mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) responders. Furthermore, we employ an outlier case to explore the river model and highlight the importance of “Five NGS Matters: Number, Frequency, Position, Site and Time” in assessing cancer genomics for precision medicine. This mutable cancer river model may capture clinically significant phenotype-convergent events, predict vulnerability/resistance mechanisms, and guide effective therapeutic strategies. Our model originates from studying exceptional responders in ccRCC, which warrants further refinement and future validation concerning its applicability to other cancer types. The goal of this review is employing kidney cancer as an example to illustrate critical issues concerning tumor heterogeneity.
KW - Braided kidney cancer river model
KW - Branched/divergent evolution
KW - Genomic predictive biomarker
KW - Intermetastases heterogeneity (IMH)
KW - Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH)
KW - Parallel/convergent gene/pathway/function/phenotype evolution
KW - Precision medicine
KW - Targeted therapy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84995403921&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.002
DO - 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.002
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27615548
AN - SCOPUS:84995403921
VL - 64
SP - 98
EP - 106
JO - Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
JF - Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
SN - 1084-9521
ER -