Operative vaginal delivery

The concept of using forceps or a vacuum extractor to achieve a successful vaginal delivery during the second stage of labor was popularized in the 18th century; however, rates of operative vaginal delivery have been steadily declining in the United States over the past two decades. Despite controversy over maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with their use, both forceps and vacuum extractors have been proven to be safe and effective instruments when utilized in appropriate clinical situations by skilled providers. A continued emphasis on the education and training of providers in the proper use of both forceps and vacuum is necessary to ensure that these instruments continue to play an active role in modern obstetrics.