Neurotransmitter modulation of steroid action in target cells that mediate reproduction and reproductive behavior

Two major functional interactions between steroid hormones and neurotransmitters are generally recognized. First, steroids affect neurotransmission, and second, through effects on hypothalamic peptides that regulate anterior pituitary function neurotransmitters affect steroid secretion. In recent years, evidence has accumulated which indicates that neurotransmitters can also affect steroid action within postsynaptic steroid target cells. We review evidence for this relationship in pineal, uterus and hypothalamus and propose that the modulation of target cell responsiveness to steroids is an important mechanism by which neurotransmitters affect steroid-dependent processes. The operation of such a mechanism provides a means for environmental, behavioral and emotional events to rapidly and selectively alter steroid effects on behavior and physiology.