TY - JOUR
T1 - Nanoscale Organization of Vesicle Release at Central Synapses
AU - Gramlich, Michael W.
AU - Klyachko, Vitaly A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019
PY - 2019/6
Y1 - 2019/6
N2 - Presynaptic boutons support neurotransmitter release with nanoscale precision at sub-millisecond timescales. Studies over the past two decades have revealed a rich tapestry of molecular players governing synaptic vesicle fusion at highly specialized release sites in the active zone (AZ). However, the spatiotemporal organization of release at active synapses remains elusive, in part owing to the extremely small size of the AZ and the limited resolution of conventional approaches. Recent advances in fluorescence nanoscopy have revolutionized direct investigation of presynaptic release organization and dynamics. We discuss here recent nanoscopy-based studies of the molecular architecture, the spatial organization and dynamic regulation of release sites, and the mechanisms of release site replenishment. These findings have uncovered previously unknown levels of structural and functional organization at central synapses, with important implications for synaptic transmission and plasticity.
AB - Presynaptic boutons support neurotransmitter release with nanoscale precision at sub-millisecond timescales. Studies over the past two decades have revealed a rich tapestry of molecular players governing synaptic vesicle fusion at highly specialized release sites in the active zone (AZ). However, the spatiotemporal organization of release at active synapses remains elusive, in part owing to the extremely small size of the AZ and the limited resolution of conventional approaches. Recent advances in fluorescence nanoscopy have revolutionized direct investigation of presynaptic release organization and dynamics. We discuss here recent nanoscopy-based studies of the molecular architecture, the spatial organization and dynamic regulation of release sites, and the mechanisms of release site replenishment. These findings have uncovered previously unknown levels of structural and functional organization at central synapses, with important implications for synaptic transmission and plasticity.
KW - nanoscopy
KW - neurotransmitter release
KW - release sites
KW - super-resolution microscopy
KW - synaptic transmission
KW - vesicle recycling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064208332&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.001
DO - 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.001
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31176424
AN - SCOPUS:85064208332
SN - 0166-2236
VL - 42
SP - 425
EP - 437
JO - Trends in Neurosciences
JF - Trends in Neurosciences
IS - 6
ER -