TY - JOUR
T1 - mTORC2 signaling promotes skeletal growth and bone formation in mice
AU - Chen, Jianquan
AU - Holguin, Nilsson
AU - Shi, Yu
AU - Silva, Matthew J.
AU - Long, Fanxin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
PY - 2015/2/1
Y1 - 2015/2/1
N2 - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase controlling many physiological processes in mammals. mTOR functions in two distinct protein complexes, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2. Compared to mTORC1, the specific roles of mTORC2 are less well understood. To investigate the potential contribution of mTORC2 to skeletal development and homeostasis, we have genetically deleted Rictor, an essential component of mTORC2, in the limb skeletogenic mesenchyme of the mouse embryo. Loss of Rictor leads to shorter and narrower skeletal elements in both embryos and postnatal mice. In the embryo, Rictor deletion reduces the width but not the length of the initial cartilage anlage. Subsequently, the embryonic skeletal elements are shortened due to a delay in chondrocyte hypertrophy, with no change in proliferation, apoptosis, cell size, or matrix production. Postnatally, Rictor-deficient mice exhibit impaired bone formation, resulting in thinner cortical bone, but the trabecular bone mass is relatively normal thanks to a concurrent decrease in bone resorption. Moreover, Rictor-deficient bones exhibit a lesser anabolic response to mechanical loading. Thus, mTORC2 signaling is necessary for optimal skeletal growth and bone anabolism.
AB - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase controlling many physiological processes in mammals. mTOR functions in two distinct protein complexes, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2. Compared to mTORC1, the specific roles of mTORC2 are less well understood. To investigate the potential contribution of mTORC2 to skeletal development and homeostasis, we have genetically deleted Rictor, an essential component of mTORC2, in the limb skeletogenic mesenchyme of the mouse embryo. Loss of Rictor leads to shorter and narrower skeletal elements in both embryos and postnatal mice. In the embryo, Rictor deletion reduces the width but not the length of the initial cartilage anlage. Subsequently, the embryonic skeletal elements are shortened due to a delay in chondrocyte hypertrophy, with no change in proliferation, apoptosis, cell size, or matrix production. Postnatally, Rictor-deficient mice exhibit impaired bone formation, resulting in thinner cortical bone, but the trabecular bone mass is relatively normal thanks to a concurrent decrease in bone resorption. Moreover, Rictor-deficient bones exhibit a lesser anabolic response to mechanical loading. Thus, mTORC2 signaling is necessary for optimal skeletal growth and bone anabolism.
KW - Bone
KW - Cartilage
KW - Mechanical loading
KW - Mouse
KW - Rictor
KW - mTORC2
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84921710835&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/jbmr.2348
DO - 10.1002/jbmr.2348
M3 - Article
C2 - 25196701
AN - SCOPUS:84921710835
SN - 0884-0431
VL - 30
SP - 369
EP - 378
JO - Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
JF - Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
IS - 2
ER -