Mechanobiology of aortic cells and extracellular matrix

The aortic wall consists of cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) embedded in extracellular matrix (elastic fibers, collagens, and proteoglycans) that are constantly exposed to mechanical forces from blood flow, blood pressure, and connecting tissues. The aortic wall cells respond to changes in these mechanical forces through alterations in cell phenotype and signaling, as well as through remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins. Remodeled extracellular matrix proteins can then further the cellular mechanobiological response through alterations in tissue material properties, cell-matrix connections, activated matrix fragments, release of sequestered cytokines, and facilitated migration of inflammatory cells into the aortic wall. With advances in single-cell phenotyping, extracellular matrix proteomics, in vivo genetic modulation, and mechanical manipulation, significant advances are being made in understanding how mechanobiology of aortic cells and extracellular matrix contributes to aortic function in health and disease.