Mechanical ventilation for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: Indications, timing, and outcome

Objective: To compare the incidence, indication, and timing of intubation and outcome in patients with cerebral infarction (ISCH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (HEM) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Background: Poor outcomes have been reported for ISCH patients requiring MV. Because the target population, pathophysiology, and management of ISCH and HEM patients differ considerably, we compared the characteristics of patients with ISCH and HEM who required MV. Methods: A retrospective review of ISCH and HEM stroke patients who underwent MV at a tertiary care academic center from 1994 to 1997 was performed to determine age, sex, type, and location of stroke (anterior or posterior circulation); brainstem dysfunction at intubation (pupillary, corneal, and oculocephalic reflexes); indication for intubation (neurologic deterioration, cardiopulmonary deterioration, or elective intubation for surgery); timing of intubation (on presentation or later); comorbidities; and outcome (hospital disposition). Results: A total of 230 patients, 74 with ISCH and 156 with HEM (mean age, 61 ± 16 years; male-to-female ratio, 1.15:1), underwent MV. Intubation rates were 6% for ISCH patients and 30% for HEM patients. Two-thirds of the patients required intubation on presentation (84% were intubated for neurologic deterioration) and 131 patients (57%) died (ISCH, 55%; HEM, 58%). Signs of brainstem dysfunction predicted a higher mortality for both groups. Additionally, early intubation and older age predicted mortality for HEM, and male gender predicted mortality in ISCH. Stroke location and comorbidities did not influence outcome. Conclusions: MV in acute stroke is associated with high mortality. Mortality and outcome were similar for ISCH and HEM; however, the factors predictive of outcome may differ and influence decisions about the use of MV in such patients.