Management of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Purpose of Review: Cryptococcal meningitis remains a significant cause of mortality among people living with HIV. This review summarizes current practices and recent advances in the management of cryptococcal meningitis. Recent Findings: Results from recent clinical trials have improved understanding of optimal induction therapy for cryptococcal meningitis, with the most recent data supporting the use of a single high dose of liposomal amphotericin B followed by two weeks of flucytosine and fluconazole. Studies have also demonstrated significantly reduced mortality with therapeutic lumbar punctures in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Despite advances in management, long-term mortality remains high and may continue even after completion of antifungal therapy, emphasizing the importance of immune restoration in people living with HIV. Summary: Cryptococcal disease remains prevalent among people living with HIV, especially in resource-limited settings. Advances in treatment strategies, as well as increased accessibility to antifungal drugs, screening tests, and antiretroviral therapy, are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality from cryptococcal meningitis.