Load-independent indices of left ventricular function using automated border detection

Echocardiographic automated border detection is the ability to assess left ventricular (LV) cross-sectional cavity areas and volumes on line. This capability has enabled the use of LV pressure-volume relationships as a means to determine LV function in a manner relatively independent of loading conditions. This discussion reviews previous validation studies in animal models and humans using LV cross-sectional area as a surrogate for LV volume and the clinical applications of LV pressure-area relations. Applications of arterial pressure as a substitute for LV ejection pressure to assess pressure-area relations are also reviewed, along with the use of pressure- area relations to assess right ventricular performance. Last, preload- adjusted maximal power as an alternative load-insensitive means to determine LV performance is discussed.