Lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and neutrophil migration in canine lung allografts

Background. Depletion of neutrophils (PMNs) and inhibition of PMN endothelial adhesion ameliorate postischemic lung reperfusion injury. Lidocaine reduces PMN adhesion to endothelial surfaces in vivo, and inhibits upregulation of PMN-CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) in vitro. We evaluated the effect of lidocaine on reperfusion injury, PMN adhesion, and PMN migration in preserved lung allografts. Methods. Donor lungs were flushed with modified Euro-Collins solution (4°C) after prostglandin E₁ administration (250 μg), inflated with 550 mL (inspired oxygen fraction = 1.0), and stored for 24 hours at 1°C. Left lung allotransplantation was performed in 13 mongrel dogs. Immediately after reperfusion the recipient right pulmonary artery and bronchus were ligated to permit assessment of allograft function during a 6-hour postreperfusion period. Allograft gas exchange (every 15 minutes) and hemodynamics (every 60 minutes) were assessed. Peripheral blood PMN CD11b expression was determined by flow cytometry. After sacrifice allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN count and allograft tissue myeloperoxidase activity were measured. Two groups were studied: In group I (n = 8) lidocaine hydrochloride was added to the donor flush (20 mg/L) solution. In addition lidocaine was given to the recipient at the time of thoracotomy (intravenous bolus of 4 mg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion of 4 mg · kg^-1 h^-1 during implantation and the assessment period. Three dogs that did not reach effective lidocaine blood levels at the time of reperfusion (3 to 4 μg/mL) were excluded from analysis. Group II animals (n = 5) received no lidocaine. Results. Gas exchange in group I was superior throughout the assessment period (p < 0.05). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN count in group I was reduced (0.36 x 10⁶ PMN/mL versus 6.2 x 10⁶ PMN/mL; p < 0.03). Group I allograft myeloperoxidase activity was 0.17 · U mg^-1 min^-1 compared with 0.28 U · mg^-1 min^-1 in group II (p < 0.01). In lidocaine-treated animals PMN CD11b expression was maintained at basal levels 2 hours after reperfusion, compared with group II, in which upregulation of CD11b was observed. Lower lobe wet/dry ratio was not different in the two groups. Conclusions. Our observations indicate that lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and inhibits PMN adhesion and subsequent migration to the lung allograft.