TY - JOUR
T1 - Key risk factors for the relative and absolute 5-year risk of cancer to enhance cancer screening and prevention
AU - Patel, Alpa V.
AU - Deubler, Emily
AU - Teras, Lauren R.
AU - Colditz, Graham A.
AU - Lichtman, Cari J.
AU - Cance, William G.
AU - Clarke, Christina A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors express sincere appreciation to all Cancer Prevention Study‐II and Cancer Prevention Study‐3 participants and to each member of the study and biospecimen management group. The authors acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. They also thank Anuraag Kansal, Earl Hubbell, Ze Cong, Marie Coignet, and Josh Ofman, employees of GRAIL, for critical review of the article. Mia DeFino, MS, ELS, of DeFino Consulting, LLC (Chicago, IL), provided editorial support paid for by GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., currently held separate from Illumina Inc., under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the Cancer Prevention Study‐II and Cancer Prevention Study‐3. The Society also receives a small portion of support from corporations and industry to support its mission programs and services. This analysis was supported by GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., currently held separate from Illumina Inc., under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021.
Funding Information:
The authors express sincere appreciation to all Cancer Prevention Study-II and Cancer Prevention Study-3 participants and to each member of the study and biospecimen management group. The authors acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. They also thank Anuraag Kansal, Earl Hubbell, Ze Cong, Marie Coignet, and Josh Ofman, employees of GRAIL, for critical review of the article. Mia DeFino, MS, ELS, of DeFino Consulting, LLC (Chicago, IL), provided editorial support paid for by GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., currently held separate from Illumina Inc., under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the Cancer Prevention Study-II and Cancer Prevention Study-3. The Society also receives a small portion of support from corporations and industry to support its mission programs and services. This analysis was supported by GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., currently held separate from Illumina Inc., under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021.
Funding Information:
The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the Cancer Prevention Study‐II and Cancer Prevention Study‐3. The American Cancer Society is a not‐for‐profit public health organization that receives support from the public through fundraising and direct contributions. The Society also receives a small portion of support from corporations and industry to support its mission programs and services. This analysis was supported by GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., currently held separate from Illumina Inc., under the terms of the Interim Measures Order of the European Commission dated 29 October 2021.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Cancer Society.
PY - 2022/10/1
Y1 - 2022/10/1
N2 - Background: This study identifies populations who may benefit most from expanded cancer screening. Methods: Two American Cancer Society prospective cohort studies, Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort and Cancer Prevention Study-3, were used to identify the risk factors associated with a > 2% absolute risk of any cancer within 5 years. In total, 429,991 participants with no prior personal history of cancer were followed for cancer for up to 5 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for association. By using these hazard ratios, individualized coherent absolute risk estimation was used to calculate absolute risks by age. Results: Overall, 15,226 invasive cancers were diagnosed among participants within 5 years of enrollment. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk of any cancer was strongest for current smokers compared with never-smokers. In men, alcohol intake, family history of cancer, red meat consumption, and physical inactivity were also associated with risk (p <.05). In women, body mass index, type 2 diabetes, hysterectomy, parity, family history of cancer, hypertension, tubal ligation, and physical inactivity were associated (p <.05). The absolute 5-year risk exceeded 2% among nearly all participants older than 50 years and among some participants younger than 50 years, including current or former smokers (<30 years since quitting) and long-term nonsmokers with a body mass index >25 kg/m2 or a first-degree family history of cancer. The absolute 5-year risk was as high as 29% in men and 25% in women. Conclusions: Older age and smoking were the two most important risk factors associated with the relative and absolute 5-year risk of developing any cancer.
AB - Background: This study identifies populations who may benefit most from expanded cancer screening. Methods: Two American Cancer Society prospective cohort studies, Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort and Cancer Prevention Study-3, were used to identify the risk factors associated with a > 2% absolute risk of any cancer within 5 years. In total, 429,991 participants with no prior personal history of cancer were followed for cancer for up to 5 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for association. By using these hazard ratios, individualized coherent absolute risk estimation was used to calculate absolute risks by age. Results: Overall, 15,226 invasive cancers were diagnosed among participants within 5 years of enrollment. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk of any cancer was strongest for current smokers compared with never-smokers. In men, alcohol intake, family history of cancer, red meat consumption, and physical inactivity were also associated with risk (p <.05). In women, body mass index, type 2 diabetes, hysterectomy, parity, family history of cancer, hypertension, tubal ligation, and physical inactivity were associated (p <.05). The absolute 5-year risk exceeded 2% among nearly all participants older than 50 years and among some participants younger than 50 years, including current or former smokers (<30 years since quitting) and long-term nonsmokers with a body mass index >25 kg/m2 or a first-degree family history of cancer. The absolute 5-year risk was as high as 29% in men and 25% in women. Conclusions: Older age and smoking were the two most important risk factors associated with the relative and absolute 5-year risk of developing any cancer.
KW - benefit–risk assessment
KW - cancer prevention
KW - cancer screening
KW - epidemiologic factors
KW - risk factors
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85135216326&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/cncr.34396
DO - 10.1002/cncr.34396
M3 - Article
C2 - 35920750
AN - SCOPUS:85135216326
SN - 0008-543X
VL - 128
SP - 3502
EP - 3515
JO - Cancer
JF - Cancer
IS - 19
ER -