@article{aa00a2f41b3248619a3d1e42fd605e35,
title = "Is the Fagerstr{\"o}m test for nicotine dependence invariant across secular trends in smoking? A question for cross-birth cohort analysis of nicotine dependence",
abstract = "Background: The Fagerstr{\"o}m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a derivation of the Fagerstr{\"o}m Tolerance Questionnaire, was first published in 1991. The FTND remains one of the most widely used measures of nicotine dependence for studying genetic and epidemiological risk factors and the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, it is unclear whether secular trends in patterns of smoking alter the psychometric properties of the FTND and its interpretation. Methods: We examined measurement invariance in the lifetime and current FTND scores across birth cohorts using participants drawn from six study samples (N = 13,775). Results: We found significant (p < 0.05) measurement non-invariance in means and factor loadings of most FTND items by birth cohort, but effect sizes, ranging from r2 = 0.0001 to r2 = 0.0035, indicated that less than 0.5% of the model variance was explained by the measurement non-invariance for each factor loading. To assess its impact, we regressed the lifetime FTND latent variable on well-established factors associated with nicotine dependence (quitting smoking and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene [CHRNA5] variant rs16969968, separately), and we observed that the regression coefficients were unchanged between models with and without adjustment for measurement non-invariance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that possible FTND non-invariance that occurs across study samples of various birth years has a negligible impact on study results.",
keywords = "Birth year, Fagerstr{\"o}m test for nicotine dependence, Measurement invariance, Nicotine dependence, Tobacco smoking",
author = "Cristie Glasheen and Johnson, {Eric O.} and Saccone, {Nancy L.} and Lutz, {Sharon M.} and Baker, {Timothy B.} and McNeil, {Daniel W.} and Marazita, {Mary L.} and Hokanson, {John E.} and Bierut, {Laura J.} and Hancock, {Dana B.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) , National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant numbers R01 DA035825 , R01 DA036583 , and R01 DA042090 . Funding support for the collection of the African American Nicotine Dependence (AAND) dataset and its analyses were supported by NIH/NIDA grant number R01 DA025888 . Funding support for collection of the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND) dataset and its analyses were supported by NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI) grant number P01 CA089392 . Funding support for the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA1) study cohort was provided by NIH, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) grant numbers U01-DE018903 and R01-DE014899 . Data and samples were provided by the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), a collaboration of the University of Pittsburgh and West Virginia University funded by NIDCR R01-DE014899 . The COPDGene {\textregistered} project was supported by award numbers R01 HL089897 and R01 HL089856 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NHLBI or NIH. The COPDGene {\textregistered} project is also supported by the COPD Foundation through contributions made to an Industry Advisory Board comprising AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Pfizer, Siemens, Sunovion, and GlaxoSmithKline. Funding support for the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) was provided through NIH GEI grant number U01 HG004422 . Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center grant number U01 HG004446. Support for collection of datasets and samples used for this manuscript was provided through COGA grant number U10 AA008401 and FSCD grant number R01 DA013423 . SAGE data were obtained via dbGaP accession number phs000092.v1.p1. The University of Wisconsin–Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (UW-TTURC) sample was accessed via dbGaP as part of “Genetic Architecture of Smoking and Smoking Cession” (accession number phs000404.v1.p1). Funding support for collection of the UW-TTURC dataset and samples was provided by P50 DA019706 and P50 CA084724 . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Elsevier B.V.",
year = "2018",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.013",
language = "English",
volume = "185",
pages = "127--132",
journal = "Drug and Alcohol Dependence",
issn = "0376-8716",
}