@article{7695247f8d2742b1b32e99519441dc2b,
title = "Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia",
abstract = "Hydrodynamic flow produced by multiciliated cells is critical for fluid circulation and cell motility. Hundreds of cilia beat with metachronal synchrony for fluid flow. Cilia-driven fluid flow produces extracellular hydrodynamic forces that cause neighboring cilia to beat in a synchronized manner. However, hydrodynamic coupling between neighboring cilia is not the sole mechanism that drives cilia synchrony. Cilia are nucleated by basal bodies (BBs) that link to each other and to the cell{\textquoteright}s cortex via BB-associated appendages. The intracellular BB and cortical network is hypothesized to synchronize ciliary beating by transmitting cilia coordination cues. The extent of intracellular ciliary connections and the nature of these stimuli remain unclear. Moreover, how BB connections influence the dynamics of individual cilia has not been established. We show by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy imaging that cilia are coupled both longitudinally and laterally in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila by the underlying BB and cortical cytoskeletal network. To visualize the behavior of individual cilia in live, immobilized Tetrahymena cells, we developed Delivered Iron Particle Ubiety Live Light (DIPULL) microscopy. Quantitative and computer analyses of ciliary dynamics reveal that BB connections control ciliary waveform and coordinate ciliary beating. Loss of BB connections reduces cilia-dependent fluid flow forces.",
author = "Soh, {Adam W.J.} and Woodhams, {Louis G.} and Junker, {Anthony D.} and Enloe, {Cassidy M.} and Noren, {Benjamin E.} and Adam Harned and Westlake, {Christopher J.} and Kedar Narayan and Oakey, {John S.} and Bayly, {Philip V.} and Pearson, {Chad G.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank members of the Pearson lab for the helpful and enjoyable discussions during this project. We also express our gratitude to Alexander J. Stemm-Wolf for critical reading of the manuscript. We are thankful to Tom H. Giddings, Eileen T. O{\textquoteright}Toole, and Garry Morgan (University of Colorado Boulder) for electron microscopy sample preparation and sample screening used in FIB-SEM imaging. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)–National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM099820 and R35GM140813), the Pew Charitable Biomedical Scholars Program, and the W. M. Keck Foundation (C.G.P.). L.G.W and P.V.B acknowledge the funding support by NSF Grant CMMI-1633971. C.M.E. acknowledges a graduate fellowship from the NIH-funded Wyoming IdeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence program (P20GM103432). This project is also funded in part with Federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Soh et al.",
year = "2022",
month = sep,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1091/mbc.E22-05-0150",
language = "English",
volume = "33",
journal = "Molecular biology of the cell",
issn = "1059-1524",
number = "11",
}