Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in patients with head and neck cancer: Evaluation of the SEER-Medicare database

OBJECTIVE: 1) Determine rate of iatrogenic esophageal perforation in head and neck cancer patients. 2) Identify risk factors for perforation. 3) Determine effect of perforation on mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary data analysis. SETTING: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare- linked database. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract between January 1995 and December 2002 who underwent esophagoscopy were included. Primary outcome was the rate of iatrogenic esophageal perforation. Secondary outcomes included identification of risk factors for perforation and effect of perforation on mortality. Logistic regression analysis and the 2 test were used to evaluate risk factors and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: There were 152 perforations in 126 patients, for a rate of 2.70 percent (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28-3.20) per patient (n = 4659) and 1.44 percent (1.21-1.67) per esophagoscopy (n = 10,529). Odds of perforation were increasedin patients with cancer of the pharynx (odds ratio [OR] 4.49, 1.82-11.08), pyriform sinus (OR 5.00, 2.10-11.93), and larynx (OR 3.39, 1.57- 7.34), and those who underwent both surgery and radiation (OR 1.75, 11.12-2.74). Each esophagoscopy increased odds of perforation by 22 percent (17-28). Compared with diagnostic esophagoscopy, perforation was 2.9 times (1.77-4.69) more likely when dilatation was performed. Thirty-day postperforation mortality was 7.1 percent, a three percent absolute increase (1.5 to 7.5) over the postesophagoscopy rate in patients without perforation. CONCLUSION: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are a high-risk population for iatrogenic pharyngoesophageal perforation. Perforation is related to esophagoscopy frequency and type, tumor location, and use of multimodality therapy.