How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

Global Dietary Database

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562

How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

Global Dietary Database

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region. Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank). Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.

Original language	English
Article number	e074562
Journal	BMJ Open
Volume	14
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562
State	Published - Jan 22 2024

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10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562

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@article{182d868209284dceac4036aaea276bcb,

title = "How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries",

abstract = "Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region. Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank). Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.",

author = "{Global Dietary Database} and Amelia Ahles and Andrew Muhammad and Yenerall, {Jacqueline N.} and Julia Reedy and Peilin Shi and Jianyi Zhang and Frederick Cudhea and Josh Erndt-Marino and Victoria Miller and Dariush Mozaffarian and Pamela Abbott and Morteza Abdollahi and Parvin Abedi and Suhad Abumweis and Linda Adair and Nsour, {Mohannad Al} and Iftikhar Alam and Nasser Al-Daghri and Shaun Sabico and Alhamad, {Nawal Ai} and Suad Al-Hooti and Eman Alissa and Sameer Al-Zenki and Simon Anderson and Karim Anzid and Carukshi Arambepola and Mustafa Arici and Joanne Arsenault and Renzo Asciak and Lajos Bir{\'o} and No{\"e}l Barengo and Simon Barquera and Dommarco, {Juan Rivera} and Daniel Illescas-Zarate and S{\'a}nchez-Romero, {Luz Maria} and Ramirez, {Sonia Rodriguez} and Silva, {Ivonne Ramirez} and Murat Bas and Wulf Becker and Sigrid Beer-Borst and Per Bergman and Lindroos, {Anna Karin} and Sipinen, {Jessica Petrelius} and Lotta Moraeus and Sesikeran Boindala and Pascal Bovet and Debbie Bradshaw and Kanitta Bundhamcharoen and Caballero, {Mauricio T.} and Neville Calleja and Xia Cao and Mario Capanzana and Jan Carmikle and Katia Castetbon and Michelle Castro and Corazon Cerdena and Chang, {Hsing Yi} and Karen Charlton and Yu Chen and Shashi Chiplonkar and Yoonsu Cho and Chuah, {Khun Aik} and Simona Costanzo and Melanie Cowan and Albertino Damasceno and Saeed Dastgiri and Henauw, {Stefaan De} and Carl Lachat and Karin Deridder and Eric Ding and Rokiah Don and Charmaine Duante and Vesselka Duleva and Aguero, {Samuel Duran} and Veena Ekbote and Ati, {Jalila El} and Alison Eldridge and Tatyana El-Kour and Laetitia Nikiema and Ibrahim Elmadfa and Barbieri, {Helene Enghardt} and Alireza Esteghamati and Zohreh Etemad and Fariza Fadzil and Farshad Farzadfar and Chan, {Mei Fen} and Anne Fernandez and Dulitha Fernando and Regina Fisberg and Simon Forsyth and Delgado, {Edna Gamboa} and Didier Garriguet and Gaspoz, {Jean Michel} and Dorothy Gauci and Geleijnse, {Johanna M.} and Brahmam Ginnela and Giuseppe Grosso and Idris Guessous and Martin Gulliford and Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir and Inga Thorsdottir and Holmfridur Thorgeirsdottir and Wilbur Hadden and Aida Hadziomeragic and Christian Haerpfer and Ali, {Jemal Haidar} and Rubina Hakeem and Aminul Haque and Maryam Hashemian and Rajkumar Hemalatha and Avula Laxmaiah and Indrapal Meshram and Harikumar Rachakulla and Nimmathota Arlappa and Sigrun Henjum and Hristo Hinkov and Zaiton Hjdaud and Beth Hopping and Anahita Houshiar-Rad and Hsieh, {Yao Te} and Hung, {Shu Yi} and Inge Huybrechts and Hwalla, {Nahla Chawkat} and Nayu Ikeda and Manami Inoue and Olof Jonsdottir and Mohamed, {Hamid Jan Bin Jan} and Chandrashekar Janakiram and Rajesh Jeewon and Johansson, {Nattinee Jitnarin Lars} and Ola Kally and Mirnalini Kandiah and Tilakavati Karupaiah and Lital Keinan-Boker and Roya Kelishadi and Anuradha Khadilkar and Kim, {Cho Il} and Eda Koksal and Jurgen Konig and Liisa Korkalo and Eva Roos and Jeremy Koster and Irina Kovalskys and Anand Krishnan and Herculina Kruger and Rebecca Kuriyan-Raj and Kyungwon Oh and Yuen Lai and Pulani Lanerolle and Indu Waidyatilaka and Catherine Leclercq and Lee, {Meei Shyuan} and Lee, {Hae Jeung} and Veerman, {J. Lennert} and Marques, {Lydia Lera} and Yanping Li and Jaana Lindstr{\"o}m and Annie Ling and Lipoeto, {Nur Indrawaty} and Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo and Amy Luke and Widjaja Lukito and Nuno Lunet and Carla Lopes and Milton Severo and Duarte Torres and Elisabette Lupotto and Aida Turrini and Stefania Sette and Raffaela Piccinelli and Yi Ma and Mahdy, {Zaleha Abdullah} and Reza Malekzadeh and Wan Manan and Dirce Marchioni and Pedro Marques-Vidal and Yves Martin-Prevel and Ibrahim, {Hajah Masni} and Angie Mathee and Yasuhiro Matsumura and Paramita Mazumdar and Sibai, {Abla M.} and Anjum Memon and Gert Mensink and Alexa Meyer and Parvin Mirmiran and Masoud Mirzaei and Puneet Misra and Anoop Misra and Claudette Mitchell and David Balfour and Noushin Mohammadifard and Nizal Sarrafzadegan and Moses Mwangi and Maryam Maghroun and Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi and Shariff, {Zalilah Mohd} and Moy, {Foong Ming} and Abdulrahman Musaiger and Mark Manary",

year = "2024",

month = jan,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562",

language = "English",

volume = "14",

journal = "BMJ Open",

issn = "2044-6055",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region

T2 - a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

AU - Global Dietary Database

AU - Ahles, Amelia

AU - Muhammad, Andrew

AU - Yenerall, Jacqueline N.

AU - Reedy, Julia

AU - Shi, Peilin

AU - Zhang, Jianyi

AU - Cudhea, Frederick

AU - Erndt-Marino, Josh

AU - Miller, Victoria

AU - Mozaffarian, Dariush

AU - Abbott, Pamela

AU - Abdollahi, Morteza

AU - Abedi, Parvin

AU - Abumweis, Suhad

AU - Adair, Linda

AU - Nsour, Mohannad Al

AU - Alam, Iftikhar

AU - Al-Daghri, Nasser

AU - Sabico, Shaun

AU - Alhamad, Nawal Ai

AU - Al-Hooti, Suad

AU - Alissa, Eman

AU - Al-Zenki, Sameer

AU - Anderson, Simon

AU - Anzid, Karim

AU - Arambepola, Carukshi

AU - Arici, Mustafa

AU - Arsenault, Joanne

AU - Asciak, Renzo

AU - Biró, Lajos

AU - Barengo, Noël

AU - Barquera, Simon

AU - Dommarco, Juan Rivera

AU - Illescas-Zarate, Daniel

AU - Sánchez-Romero, Luz Maria

AU - Ramirez, Sonia Rodriguez

AU - Silva, Ivonne Ramirez

AU - Bas, Murat

AU - Becker, Wulf

AU - Beer-Borst, Sigrid

AU - Bergman, Per

AU - Lindroos, Anna Karin

AU - Sipinen, Jessica Petrelius

AU - Moraeus, Lotta

AU - Boindala, Sesikeran

AU - Bovet, Pascal

AU - Bradshaw, Debbie

AU - Bundhamcharoen, Kanitta

AU - Caballero, Mauricio T.

AU - Calleja, Neville

AU - Cao, Xia

AU - Capanzana, Mario

AU - Carmikle, Jan

AU - Castetbon, Katia

AU - Castro, Michelle

AU - Cerdena, Corazon

AU - Chang, Hsing Yi

AU - Charlton, Karen

AU - Chen, Yu

AU - Chiplonkar, Shashi

AU - Cho, Yoonsu

AU - Chuah, Khun Aik

AU - Costanzo, Simona

AU - Cowan, Melanie

AU - Damasceno, Albertino

AU - Dastgiri, Saeed

AU - Henauw, Stefaan De

AU - Lachat, Carl

AU - Deridder, Karin

AU - Ding, Eric

AU - Don, Rokiah

AU - Duante, Charmaine

AU - Duleva, Vesselka

AU - Aguero, Samuel Duran

AU - Ekbote, Veena

AU - Ati, Jalila El

AU - Eldridge, Alison

AU - El-Kour, Tatyana

AU - Nikiema, Laetitia

AU - Elmadfa, Ibrahim

AU - Barbieri, Helene Enghardt

AU - Esteghamati, Alireza

AU - Etemad, Zohreh

AU - Fadzil, Fariza

AU - Farzadfar, Farshad

AU - Chan, Mei Fen

AU - Fernandez, Anne

AU - Fernando, Dulitha

AU - Fisberg, Regina

AU - Forsyth, Simon

AU - Delgado, Edna Gamboa

AU - Garriguet, Didier

AU - Gaspoz, Jean Michel

AU - Gauci, Dorothy

AU - Geleijnse, Johanna M.

AU - Ginnela, Brahmam

AU - Grosso, Giuseppe

AU - Guessous, Idris

AU - Gulliford, Martin

AU - Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg

AU - Thorsdottir, Inga

AU - Thorgeirsdottir, Holmfridur

AU - Hadden, Wilbur

AU - Hadziomeragic, Aida

AU - Haerpfer, Christian

AU - Ali, Jemal Haidar

AU - Hakeem, Rubina

AU - Haque, Aminul

AU - Hashemian, Maryam

AU - Hemalatha, Rajkumar

AU - Laxmaiah, Avula

AU - Meshram, Indrapal

AU - Rachakulla, Harikumar

AU - Arlappa, Nimmathota

AU - Henjum, Sigrun

AU - Hinkov, Hristo

AU - Hjdaud, Zaiton

AU - Hopping, Beth

AU - Houshiar-Rad, Anahita

AU - Hsieh, Yao Te

AU - Hung, Shu Yi

AU - Huybrechts, Inge

AU - Hwalla, Nahla Chawkat

AU - Ikeda, Nayu

AU - Inoue, Manami

AU - Jonsdottir, Olof

AU - Mohamed, Hamid Jan Bin Jan

AU - Janakiram, Chandrashekar

AU - Jeewon, Rajesh

AU - Johansson, Nattinee Jitnarin Lars

AU - Kally, Ola

AU - Kandiah, Mirnalini

AU - Karupaiah, Tilakavati

AU - Keinan-Boker, Lital

AU - Kelishadi, Roya

AU - Khadilkar, Anuradha

AU - Kim, Cho Il

AU - Koksal, Eda

AU - Konig, Jurgen

AU - Korkalo, Liisa

AU - Roos, Eva

AU - Koster, Jeremy

AU - Kovalskys, Irina

AU - Krishnan, Anand

AU - Kruger, Herculina

AU - Kuriyan-Raj, Rebecca

AU - Oh, Kyungwon

AU - Lai, Yuen

AU - Lanerolle, Pulani

AU - Waidyatilaka, Indu

AU - Leclercq, Catherine

AU - Lee, Meei Shyuan

AU - Lee, Hae Jeung

AU - Veerman, J. Lennert

AU - Marques, Lydia Lera

AU - Li, Yanping

AU - Lindström, Jaana

AU - Ling, Annie

AU - Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty

AU - Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio

AU - Luke, Amy

AU - Lukito, Widjaja

AU - Lunet, Nuno

AU - Lopes, Carla

AU - Severo, Milton

AU - Torres, Duarte

AU - Lupotto, Elisabette

AU - Turrini, Aida

AU - Sette, Stefania

AU - Piccinelli, Raffaela

AU - Ma, Yi

AU - Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah

AU - Malekzadeh, Reza

AU - Manan, Wan

AU - Marchioni, Dirce

AU - Marques-Vidal, Pedro

AU - Martin-Prevel, Yves

AU - Ibrahim, Hajah Masni

AU - Mathee, Angie

AU - Matsumura, Yasuhiro

AU - Mazumdar, Paramita

AU - Sibai, Abla M.

AU - Memon, Anjum

AU - Mensink, Gert

AU - Meyer, Alexa

AU - Mirmiran, Parvin

AU - Mirzaei, Masoud

AU - Misra, Puneet

AU - Misra, Anoop

AU - Mitchell, Claudette

AU - Balfour, David

AU - Mohammadifard, Noushin

AU - Sarrafzadegan, Nizal

AU - Mwangi, Moses

AU - Maghroun, Maryam

AU - Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, Fatemeh

AU - Shariff, Zalilah Mohd

AU - Moy, Foong Ming

AU - Musaiger, Abdulrahman

AU - Manary, Mark

PY - 2024/1/22

Y1 - 2024/1/22

N2 - Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region. Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank). Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.

AB - Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region. Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank). Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85183283906&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562

DO - 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562

M3 - Article

C2 - 38253455

AN - SCOPUS:85183283906

SN - 2044-6055

VL - 14

JO - BMJ Open

JF - BMJ Open

IS - 1

M1 - e074562

ER -

How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

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