@article{eb92adbd960d4b68b97eaa8634559c13,
title = "GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal influence of schizophrenia",
abstract = "Cannabis use is a heritable trait that has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes. In the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for lifetime cannabis use to date (N = 184,765), we identified eight genome-wide significant independent single nucleotide polymorphisms in six regions. All measured genetic variants combined explained 11% of the variance. Gene-based tests revealed 35 significant genes in 16 regions, and S-PrediXcan analyses showed that 21 genes had different expression levels for cannabis users versus nonusers. The strongest finding across the different analyses was CADM2, which has been associated with substance use and risk-taking. Significant genetic correlations were found with 14 of 25 tested substance use and mental health–related traits, including smoking, alcohol use, schizophrenia and risk-taking. Mendelian randomization analysis showed evidence for a causal positive influence of schizophrenia risk on cannabis use. Overall, our study provides new insights into the etiology of cannabis use and its relation with mental health.",
author = "{the 23andMe Research Team} and {The Substance Use Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium} and {International Cannabis Consortium} and Pasman, {Jo{\"e}lle A.} and Verweij, {Karin J.H.} and Zachary Gerring and Sven Stringer and Sandra Sanchez-Roige and Treur, {Jorien L.} and Abdel Abdellaoui and Nivard, {Michel G.} and Baselmans, {Bart M.L.} and Ong, {Jue Sheng} and Ip, {Hill F.} and {van der Zee}, {Matthijs D.} and Meike Bartels and Day, {Felix R.} and Pierre Fontanillas and Elson, {Sarah L.} and {de Wit}, Harriet and Davis, {Lea K.} and James MacKillop and Derringer, {Jaime L.} and Branje, {Susan J.T.} and Hartman, {Catharina A.} and Heath, {Andrew C.} and {van Lier}, {Pol A.C.} and Madden, {Pamela A.F.} and Reedik M{\"a}gi and Wim Meeus and Montgomery, {Grant W.} and Oldehinkel, {A. J.} and Zdenka Pausova and Ramos-Quiroga, {Josep A.} and Tomas Paus and Marta Ribases and Jaakko Kaprio and Boks, {Marco P.M.} and Bell, {Jordana T.} and Spector, {Tim D.} and Joel Gelernter and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Martin, {Nicholas G.} and Stuart MacGregor and Perry, {John R.B.} and Palmer, {Abraham A.} and Danielle Posthuma and Munaf{\`o}, {Marcus R.} and Gillespie, {Nathan A.} and Derks, {Eske M.} and Vink, {Jacqueline M.}",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe for making this work possible. We gratefully acknowledge the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium contributing studies and the participants in those studies without whom this effort would not have been possible. J.A.P. and J.M.V. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, PI J.M.V.). K.J.H.V. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. J.L.T. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; Rubicon grant 446-16-009). S.M. is supported by an Australian Research Council Fellowship. Statistical analyses were partly carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480-05-003 PI: Posthuma) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. M.G.N. is supported by Royal Netherlands Academy of Science Professor Award to D.I.B. (PAH/6635). Part of the computation of this project was funded by NWO Exact Sciences for the application: “Population scale Genetic Analysis” awarded to M.G.N. The genome-wide association analysis on the UK Biobank dataset has been conducted using the UK Biobank resource under application numbers 9905, 16406 and 25331. The Substance Use Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-SUD) is supported by funds from NIDA and NIMH to MH109532 and, previously, with analyst support from NIAAA to U01AA008401 (COGA). J.M.{\textquoteright}s contributions were partially supported by the Peter Boris Chair in Addictions Research. S.S.-R. was supported by the Frontiers of Innovation Scholars Program (FISP; #3-P3029), the Interdisciplinary Research Fellowship in NeuroAIDS (IRFN; MH081482) and a pilot award from DA037844. R.M. was supported by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012) and the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements No 692065 and 692145. J.K. was supported by Academy Professorship grants by the Academy of Finland (263278, 292782). M.R. is a recipient of a Miguel de Servet contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (CP09/00119 and CPII15/00023). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, The Author(s).",
year = "2018",
month = sep,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41593-018-0206-1",
language = "English",
volume = "21",
pages = "1161--1170",
journal = "Nature Neuroscience",
issn = "1097-6256",
number = "9",
}