Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use

Camelia C. Minică; Karin J.H. Verweij; Peter J. van der Most; Hamdi Mbarek; Manon Bernard; Kristel R. van Eijk; Penelope A. Lind; Meng Zhen Liu; Dominique F. Maciejewski; Teemu Palviainen; Cristina Sánchez-Mora; Richard Sherva; Michelle Taylor; Raymond K. Walters; Abdel Abdellaoui; Timothy B. Bigdeli; Susan J.T. Branje; Sandra A. Brown; Miguel Casas; Robin P. Corley; George Davey-Smith; Gareth E. Davies; Erik A. Ehli; Lindsay Farrer; Iryna O. Fedko; Iris Garcia-Martínez; Scott D. Gordon; Catharina A. Hartman; Andrew C. Heath; Ian B. Hickie; Matthew Hickman; Christian J. Hopfer; Jouke Jan Hottenga; René S. Kahn; Jaakko Kaprio; Tellervo Korhonen; Henry R. Kranzler; Ken Krauter; Pol A.C. van Lier; Pamela A.F. Madden; Sarah E. Medland; Michael C. Neale; Wim H.J. Meeus; Grant W. Montgomery; Ilja M. Nolte; Albertine J. Oldehinkel; Zdenka Pausova; Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga; Vanesa Richarte; Richard J. Rose; Jean Shin; Michael C. Stallings; Tamara L. Wall; Jennifer J. Ware; Margaret J. Wright; Hongyu Zhao; Hans M. Koot; Tomas Paus; John K. Hewitt; Marta Ribasés; Anu Loukola; Marco P. Boks; Harold Snieder; Marcus R. Munafò; Joel Gelernter; Dorret I. Boomsma; Nicholas G. Martin; Nathan A. Gillespie; Jacqueline M. Vink; Eske M. Derks

doi:10.1111/add.14368

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use

Camelia C. Minică, Karin J.H. Verweij, Peter J. van der Most, Hamdi Mbarek, Manon Bernard, Kristel R. van Eijk, Penelope A. Lind, Meng Zhen Liu, Dominique F. Maciejewski, Teemu Palviainen, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Richard Sherva, Michelle Taylor, Raymond K. Walters, Abdel Abdellaoui, Timothy B. Bigdeli, Susan J.T. Branje, Sandra A. Brown, Miguel Casas, Robin P. CorleyGeorge Davey-Smith, Gareth E. Davies, Erik A. Ehli, Lindsay Farrer, Iryna O. Fedko, Iris Garcia-Martínez, Scott D. Gordon, Catharina A. Hartman, Andrew C. Heath, Ian B. Hickie, Matthew Hickman, Christian J. Hopfer, Jouke Jan Hottenga, René S. Kahn, Jaakko Kaprio, Tellervo Korhonen, Henry R. Kranzler, Ken Krauter, Pol A.C. van Lier, Pamela A.F. Madden, Sarah E. Medland, Michael C. Neale, Wim H.J. Meeus, Grant W. Montgomery, Ilja M. Nolte, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Zdenka Pausova, Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga, Vanesa Richarte, Richard J. Rose, Jean Shin, Michael C. Stallings, Tamara L. Wall, Jennifer J. Ware, Margaret J. Wright, Hongyu Zhao, Hans M. Koot, Tomas Paus, John K. Hewitt, Marta Ribasés, Anu Loukola, Marco P. Boks, Harold Snieder, Marcus R. Munafò, Joel Gelernter, Dorret I. Boomsma, Nicholas G. Martin, Nathan A. Gillespie, Jacqueline M. Vink, Eske M. Derks

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

19 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background and aims: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among adolescents and young adults. Earlier age at cannabis initiation is linked to adverse life outcomes, including multi-substance use and dependence. This study estimated the heritability of age at first cannabis use and identified associations with genetic variants. Methods: A twin-based heritability analysis using 8055 twins from three cohorts was performed. We then carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use in a discovery sample of 24 953 individuals from nine European, North American and Australian cohorts, and a replication sample of 3735 individuals. Results: The twin-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 19–60%]. Shared and unique environmental factors explained 39% (95% CI = 20–56%) and 22% (95% CI = 16–29%). The genome-wide association meta-analysis identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 within the calcium-transporting ATPase gene (ATP2C2) at P < 5E-08. All five SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r² > 0.8), with the strongest association at the intronic variant rs1574587 (P = 4.09E-09). Gene-based tests of association identified the ATP2C2 gene on 16q24.1 (P = 1.33e-06). Although the five SNPs and ATP2C2 did not replicate, ATP2C2 has been associated with cocaine dependence in a previous study. ATP2B2, which is a member of the same calcium signalling pathway, has been associated previously with opioid dependence. SNP-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was non-significant. Conclusion: Age at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities. The significant association between age of initiation and ATP2C2 is consistent with the role of calcium signalling mechanisms in substance use disorders.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2073-2086
Number of pages	14
Journal	Addiction
Volume	113
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14368
State	Published - Nov 2018

Keywords

ATP2C2
Age at first use
cannabis initiation
genome-wide association
heritability
substance use

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10.1111/add.14368

Cite this

Minică, C. C., Verweij, K. J. H., van der Most, P. J., Mbarek, H., Bernard, M., van Eijk, K. R., Lind, P. A., Liu, M. Z., Maciejewski, D. F., Palviainen, T., Sánchez-Mora, C., Sherva, R., Taylor, M., Walters, R. K., Abdellaoui, A., Bigdeli, T. B., Branje, S. J. T., Brown, S. A., Casas, M., ... Derks, E. M. (2018). Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use. Addiction, 113(11), 2073-2086. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14368

@article{ac24e5836fe944f7b9bed49f6e9b51cd,

title = "Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use",

abstract = "Background and aims: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among adolescents and young adults. Earlier age at cannabis initiation is linked to adverse life outcomes, including multi-substance use and dependence. This study estimated the heritability of age at first cannabis use and identified associations with genetic variants. Methods: A twin-based heritability analysis using 8055 twins from three cohorts was performed. We then carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use in a discovery sample of 24 953 individuals from nine European, North American and Australian cohorts, and a replication sample of 3735 individuals. Results: The twin-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 19–60%]. Shared and unique environmental factors explained 39% (95% CI = 20–56%) and 22% (95% CI = 16–29%). The genome-wide association meta-analysis identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 within the calcium-transporting ATPase gene (ATP2C2) at P < 5E-08. All five SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8), with the strongest association at the intronic variant rs1574587 (P = 4.09E-09). Gene-based tests of association identified the ATP2C2 gene on 16q24.1 (P = 1.33e-06). Although the five SNPs and ATP2C2 did not replicate, ATP2C2 has been associated with cocaine dependence in a previous study. ATP2B2, which is a member of the same calcium signalling pathway, has been associated previously with opioid dependence. SNP-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was non-significant. Conclusion: Age at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities. The significant association between age of initiation and ATP2C2 is consistent with the role of calcium signalling mechanisms in substance use disorders.",

keywords = "ATP2C2, Age at first use, cannabis initiation, genome-wide association, heritability, substance use",

author = "Minic{\u a}, {Camelia C.} and Verweij, {Karin J.H.} and {van der Most}, {Peter J.} and Hamdi Mbarek and Manon Bernard and {van Eijk}, {Kristel R.} and Lind, {Penelope A.} and Liu, {Meng Zhen} and Maciejewski, {Dominique F.} and Teemu Palviainen and Cristina S{\'a}nchez-Mora and Richard Sherva and Michelle Taylor and Walters, {Raymond K.} and Abdel Abdellaoui and Bigdeli, {Timothy B.} and Branje, {Susan J.T.} and Brown, {Sandra A.} and Miguel Casas and Corley, {Robin P.} and George Davey-Smith and Davies, {Gareth E.} and Ehli, {Erik A.} and Lindsay Farrer and Fedko, {Iryna O.} and Iris Garcia-Mart{\'i}nez and Gordon, {Scott D.} and Hartman, {Catharina A.} and Heath, {Andrew C.} and Hickie, {Ian B.} and Matthew Hickman and Hopfer, {Christian J.} and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and Kahn, {Ren{\'e} S.} and Jaakko Kaprio and Tellervo Korhonen and Kranzler, {Henry R.} and Ken Krauter and {van Lier}, {Pol A.C.} and Madden, {Pamela A.F.} and Medland, {Sarah E.} and Neale, {Michael C.} and Meeus, {Wim H.J.} and Montgomery, {Grant W.} and Nolte, {Ilja M.} and Oldehinkel, {Albertine J.} and Zdenka Pausova and Ramos-Quiroga, {Josep A.} and Vanesa Richarte and Rose, {Richard J.} and Jean Shin and Stallings, {Michael C.} and Wall, {Tamara L.} and Ware, {Jennifer J.} and Wright, {Margaret J.} and Hongyu Zhao and Koot, {Hans M.} and Tomas Paus and Hewitt, {John K.} and Marta Ribas{\'e}s and Anu Loukola and Boks, {Marco P.} and Harold Snieder and Munaf{\`o}, {Marcus R.} and Joel Gelernter and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Martin, {Nicholas G.} and Gillespie, {Nathan A.} and Vink, {Jacqueline M.} and Derks, {Eske M.}",

note = "Funding Information: Saguenay Youth Study: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada fund the SYS (TP, ZP). T.P. is the Tanenbaum Chair in Population Neuroscience (University of Toronto) and the Dr John and Consuela Phelan Scholar (Child Mind Institute). Funding Information: HUVH: We are grateful to patients and controls who kindly participated in this research. Financial support was received from {\textquoteleft}Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS{\textquoteright} (PI12/01139, PI14/01700, PI15/01789, PI16/01505), and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Ag{\`e}ncia de Gesti{\'o} d{\textquoteright}Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca-AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR1357), Departament de Salut, Government of Catalonia, Spain, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP network: {\textquoteleft}ADHD across the lifespan{\textquoteright}), and a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. This project also received funding from the European Community{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Programme (under grant agreement number 602805, Aggressotype) and from the European Community{\textquoteright}s H2020 Programme (under grant agreement number 667302, CoCA). M.R. is a recipient of a Miguel de Servet contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Econom{\'i}a, Industria y Competitividad, Spain (CP09/00119 and CPII15/00023). I.G.-M. is a recipient of a contract from the 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration, European Commission (AGGRESSOTYPE_FP7HEALTH2013/602805). C.S.-M. is a recipient of a Sara Borrell contract from the Spanish Ministerio de Econom{\'i}a y Competitividad (CD15/00199) and a mobility grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Econom{\'i}a y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MV16/00039). Funding Information: Yale Penn: Genotyping services for a part of our GWAS study were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) and Yale University (Center for Genome Analysis). CIDR is funded fully through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University (contract number N01-HG-65403). This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RC2 DA028909, R01 DA12690, R01 DA12849, R01 DA18432, R01 AA11330, R01 AA017535 and the VA Connecticut and Philadelphia VA MIRECCs. Funding Information: BLTS: The BLTS was supported by grants from the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse (R00DA023549) awarded to N.A.G., by the Australian Research Council to M.W. (grants DP0343921, DP0664638 and DP1093900) and by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Fellowships awarded to I.A.B (no. 464914) and G.W.M. (no. 619667). We acknowledge and thank the following project staff: Anjali Henders, Leanne Wallace and Lisa Bowdler for the laboratory processing, genotyping and QC; Soad Hancock as Project Coordinator; Lenore Sullivan as Research Editor; our research interviewers Pieta-Marie Shertock and Jill Wood; and David Smyth for IT. We also thank the twins and their siblings for their willing cooperation. Funding Information: J.M.V., C.C.M. and H.M. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, Principal Investigator J.M.V.). E.M.D. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. K.J.H.V. is supported by a 2014 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. C.C.M. and M.C.N. are supported by NIDA grant DA-018673. R.W. is supported by NIH U01 MH094432 and NSF BCS-1229450. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and supported financially by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480–05-003 Principal Investigator D. Posthuma), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. Funding Information: ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. GWAS data was generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corportation of America) using support from 23andMe. J.J.W. is supported by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) and the University of Bristol. M.H. is a member of NIHR School of Public Health Research and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and M.H. is a member of DeCIPHER (Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement)—which are both UKCRC Public Health Research: Centres of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UKClinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. Funding Information: TRAILS: TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents{\textquoteright} Individual Lives Survey) is a collaborative project involving various departments of the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the University of Utrecht, the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen and the Parnassia Bavo group, all in the Netherlands. TRAILS has been supported financially by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940–38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100–001-004; ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence grant 60–60 600– 97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261–98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480–01-006 and GB-MaGW 480–07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 452–04-314 and GB-MaGW 452–06-004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481–08-013 and 481–11-001); the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure BBMRI-NL (CP 32), the participating universities and Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. We are grateful to all adolescents, their parents and teachers who participated in this research and to everyone who worked on this project and made it possible. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is supported financially by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480–05-003), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. Funding Information: CADD: The Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) data reported here were funded by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (P60 DA011015, R01 DA012845, R01 DA021913, R01 DA021905 and R01 DA035804). Funding Information: Utrecht: We are grateful to Chris Schubart and Willemijn van Gastel and numerous students for their work in the study. Foremost, we like to thank our study participants. This study was supported financially by a grant of the NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research), grant no. 91207039. The study was performed at the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands. Funding Information: FinnTwin: We warmly thank the participating twin pairs and their family members for their contribution. We would like to express our appreciation to the skilled study interviewers A.-M. Iivonen, K. Karhu, H.-M. Kuha, U. Kulmala-Gr{\aa}hn, M. Mantere, K. Saanakorpi, M. Saarinen, R. Sipil{\"a}, L. Viljanen and E. Voipio. Anja H{\"a}pp{\"o}l{\"a} and Kauko Heikkil{\"a} are acknowledged for their valuable contribution in recruitment, data collection and data management. Phenotyping and genotyping of the Finnish twin cohorts was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (grants 213 506, 129 680), the Academy of Finland (grants 100 499, 205 585, 118 555, 141 054, 265 240, 263 278 and 264 146 to J.K.), National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (grants AA-12502, AA-00145, and AA-09203 to R.J.R. and AA15416 and K02AA018755 to D.M. Dick), Sigrid Juselius Foundation (to J.K), and the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK. Antti-Pekka Sarin and Samuli Ripatti are acknowledged for genotype data quality controls and imputation. GWAS analyses were run at the ELIXIR Finland node hosted at CSC–IT Center for Science for ICT resources. Funding Information: RADAR: We thank all adolescents and their families and friends for their participation. Moreover, we want to thank the various assistants who helped in recruiting participants as well as collecting and cleaning the data. The research was funded partly by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Brain and Cognition, 056–21-010). RADAR has been supported financially by main grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (GB-MAGW 480–03-005) and Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving (SASS), a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research to the Consortium Individual Development (CID; 024.001.003) and various other grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, the VU University Amsterdam and Utrecht University. A.J.H. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, ZonMW 31 160 212. Funding Information: QIMR: Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AA07535, AA0758O, AA07728, AA10249, AA13320, AA13321, AA14041, AA11998, AA17688, DA012854, DA018267, DA018660, DA23668 and DA019951; by Grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241 944, 339 462, 389 927, 389 875, 389 891, 389 892, 389 938, 442 915, 442 981, 496 739, 552 485, 552 498 and 628 911); by Grants from the Australian Research Council (A7960034, A79906588, A79801419, DP0770096, DP0212016 and DP0343921); and by the 5th Framework Programme (FP-5) GenomEUtwin Project (QLG2-CT-2002-01254). This research was further supported by the Centre for Research Excellence on Suicide Prevention (CRESP–Australia). We thank Anjali Henders, Richard Parker, Soad Hancock, Judith Moir, Sally Rodda, Pieta-Maree Shertock, Heather Park, Jill Wood, Pam Barton, Fran Husband, Adele Somerville, Ann Eldridge, Marlene Grace, Kerrie McAloney, Lisa Bowdler, Alexandre Todorov, Steven Crooks, David Smyth, Harry Beeby and Daniel Park. Lastl, we thank the twins and their families for their participation. Funding Information: NTR and NTR2: We thank the Netherlands Twin Register participants whose data we analysed in this study. This work was supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZonMW Addiction 31 160 008; ZonMW 940–37-024; NWO/SPI 56–464-14 192; NWO-400-05-717; NWO-MW 904–61-19; NWO-MagW 480–04-004; NWO-Veni 016–115-035), the European Research Council [Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167; Genetics of Mental Illness: ERC-230374], the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics) and Netherlands Bioinformatics Center/BioAssist/RK/2008.024. We acknowledge the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, BBMRI–NL (184.021.007: Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) for support. Genotyping was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (4R37DA018673–06, RC2 MH089951), Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (National Institute of Mental Health U24 MH068457–06), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995) and the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. The statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) which is supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480–05-003), the Dutch Brain Foundation and the Department of Psychology and Education of the VU University Amsterdam. Funding Information: J.M.V., C.C.M. and H.M. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, Principal Investigator J.M.V.). E.M.D. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. K.J.H.V. is supported by a 2014 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. C.C.M. and M.C.N. are supported by NIDA grant DA-018673. R.W. is supported by NIH U01 MH094432 and NSF BCS-1229450. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and supported financially by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480?05-003 Principal Investigator D. Posthuma), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. GWAS data was generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corportation of America) using support from 23andMe. J.J.W. is supported by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) and the University of Bristol. M.H. is a member of NIHR School of Public Health Research and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and M.H. is a member of DeCIPHER (Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement)?which are both UKCRC Public Health Research: Centres of Excellence. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Society for the Study of Addiction",

year = "2018",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1111/add.14368",

language = "English",

volume = "113",

pages = "2073--2086",

journal = "Addiction",

issn = "0965-2140",

number = "11",

}

Minică, CC, Verweij, KJH, van der Most, PJ, Mbarek, H, Bernard, M, van Eijk, KR, Lind, PA, Liu, MZ, Maciejewski, DF, Palviainen, T, Sánchez-Mora, C, Sherva, R, Taylor, M, Walters, RK, Abdellaoui, A, Bigdeli, TB, Branje, SJT, Brown, SA, Casas, M, Corley, RP, Davey-Smith, G, Davies, GE, Ehli, EA, Farrer, L, Fedko, IO, Garcia-Martínez, I, Gordon, SD, Hartman, CA, Heath, AC, Hickie, IB, Hickman, M, Hopfer, CJ, Hottenga, JJ, Kahn, RS, Kaprio, J, Korhonen, T, Kranzler, HR, Krauter, K, van Lier, PAC, Madden, PAF, Medland, SE, Neale, MC, Meeus, WHJ, Montgomery, GW, Nolte, IM, Oldehinkel, AJ, Pausova, Z, Ramos-Quiroga, JA, Richarte, V, Rose, RJ, Shin, J, Stallings, MC, Wall, TL, Ware, JJ, Wright, MJ, Zhao, H, Koot, HM, Paus, T, Hewitt, JK, Ribasés, M, Loukola, A, Boks, MP, Snieder, H, Munafò, MR, Gelernter, J, Boomsma, DI, Martin, NG, Gillespie, NA, Vink, JM & Derks, EM 2018, 'Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use', Addiction, vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 2073-2086. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14368

TY - JOUR

T1 - Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use

AU - Minică, Camelia C.

AU - Verweij, Karin J.H.

AU - van der Most, Peter J.

AU - Mbarek, Hamdi

AU - Bernard, Manon

AU - van Eijk, Kristel R.

AU - Lind, Penelope A.

AU - Liu, Meng Zhen

AU - Maciejewski, Dominique F.

AU - Palviainen, Teemu

AU - Sánchez-Mora, Cristina

AU - Sherva, Richard

AU - Taylor, Michelle

AU - Walters, Raymond K.

AU - Abdellaoui, Abdel

AU - Bigdeli, Timothy B.

AU - Branje, Susan J.T.

AU - Brown, Sandra A.

AU - Casas, Miguel

AU - Corley, Robin P.

AU - Davey-Smith, George

AU - Davies, Gareth E.

AU - Ehli, Erik A.

AU - Farrer, Lindsay

AU - Fedko, Iryna O.

AU - Garcia-Martínez, Iris

AU - Gordon, Scott D.

AU - Hartman, Catharina A.

AU - Heath, Andrew C.

AU - Hickie, Ian B.

AU - Hickman, Matthew

AU - Hopfer, Christian J.

AU - Hottenga, Jouke Jan

AU - Kahn, René S.

AU - Kaprio, Jaakko

AU - Korhonen, Tellervo

AU - Kranzler, Henry R.

AU - Krauter, Ken

AU - van Lier, Pol A.C.

AU - Madden, Pamela A.F.

AU - Medland, Sarah E.

AU - Neale, Michael C.

AU - Meeus, Wim H.J.

AU - Montgomery, Grant W.

AU - Nolte, Ilja M.

AU - Oldehinkel, Albertine J.

AU - Pausova, Zdenka

AU - Ramos-Quiroga, Josep A.

AU - Richarte, Vanesa

AU - Rose, Richard J.

AU - Shin, Jean

AU - Stallings, Michael C.

AU - Wall, Tamara L.

AU - Ware, Jennifer J.

AU - Wright, Margaret J.

AU - Zhao, Hongyu

AU - Koot, Hans M.

AU - Paus, Tomas

AU - Hewitt, John K.

AU - Ribasés, Marta

AU - Loukola, Anu

AU - Boks, Marco P.

AU - Snieder, Harold

AU - Munafò, Marcus R.

AU - Gelernter, Joel

AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.

AU - Martin, Nicholas G.

AU - Gillespie, Nathan A.

AU - Vink, Jacqueline M.

AU - Derks, Eske M.

N1 - Funding Information: Saguenay Youth Study: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada fund the SYS (TP, ZP). T.P. is the Tanenbaum Chair in Population Neuroscience (University of Toronto) and the Dr John and Consuela Phelan Scholar (Child Mind Institute). Funding Information: HUVH: We are grateful to patients and controls who kindly participated in this research. Financial support was received from ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS’ (PI12/01139, PI14/01700, PI15/01789, PI16/01505), and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca-AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR1357), Departament de Salut, Government of Catalonia, Spain, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP network: ‘ADHD across the lifespan’), and a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. This project also received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (under grant agreement number 602805, Aggressotype) and from the European Community’s H2020 Programme (under grant agreement number 667302, CoCA). M.R. is a recipient of a Miguel de Servet contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain (CP09/00119 and CPII15/00023). I.G.-M. is a recipient of a contract from the 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration, European Commission (AGGRESSOTYPE_FP7HEALTH2013/602805). C.S.-M. is a recipient of a Sara Borrell contract from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CD15/00199) and a mobility grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MV16/00039). Funding Information: Yale Penn: Genotyping services for a part of our GWAS study were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) and Yale University (Center for Genome Analysis). CIDR is funded fully through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University (contract number N01-HG-65403). This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants RC2 DA028909, R01 DA12690, R01 DA12849, R01 DA18432, R01 AA11330, R01 AA017535 and the VA Connecticut and Philadelphia VA MIRECCs. Funding Information: BLTS: The BLTS was supported by grants from the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse (R00DA023549) awarded to N.A.G., by the Australian Research Council to M.W. (grants DP0343921, DP0664638 and DP1093900) and by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Fellowships awarded to I.A.B (no. 464914) and G.W.M. (no. 619667). We acknowledge and thank the following project staff: Anjali Henders, Leanne Wallace and Lisa Bowdler for the laboratory processing, genotyping and QC; Soad Hancock as Project Coordinator; Lenore Sullivan as Research Editor; our research interviewers Pieta-Marie Shertock and Jill Wood; and David Smyth for IT. We also thank the twins and their siblings for their willing cooperation. Funding Information: J.M.V., C.C.M. and H.M. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, Principal Investigator J.M.V.). E.M.D. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. K.J.H.V. is supported by a 2014 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. C.C.M. and M.C.N. are supported by NIDA grant DA-018673. R.W. is supported by NIH U01 MH094432 and NSF BCS-1229450. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and supported financially by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480–05-003 Principal Investigator D. Posthuma), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. Funding Information: ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. GWAS data was generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corportation of America) using support from 23andMe. J.J.W. is supported by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) and the University of Bristol. M.H. is a member of NIHR School of Public Health Research and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and M.H. is a member of DeCIPHER (Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement)—which are both UKCRC Public Health Research: Centres of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UKClinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. Funding Information: TRAILS: TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey) is a collaborative project involving various departments of the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the University of Utrecht, the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen and the Parnassia Bavo group, all in the Netherlands. TRAILS has been supported financially by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940–38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100–001-004; ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence grant 60–60 600– 97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261–98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480–01-006 and GB-MaGW 480–07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 452–04-314 and GB-MaGW 452–06-004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481–08-013 and 481–11-001); the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure BBMRI-NL (CP 32), the participating universities and Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. We are grateful to all adolescents, their parents and teachers who participated in this research and to everyone who worked on this project and made it possible. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is supported financially by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480–05-003), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. Funding Information: CADD: The Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) data reported here were funded by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (P60 DA011015, R01 DA012845, R01 DA021913, R01 DA021905 and R01 DA035804). Funding Information: Utrecht: We are grateful to Chris Schubart and Willemijn van Gastel and numerous students for their work in the study. Foremost, we like to thank our study participants. This study was supported financially by a grant of the NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research), grant no. 91207039. The study was performed at the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands. Funding Information: FinnTwin: We warmly thank the participating twin pairs and their family members for their contribution. We would like to express our appreciation to the skilled study interviewers A.-M. Iivonen, K. Karhu, H.-M. Kuha, U. Kulmala-Gråhn, M. Mantere, K. Saanakorpi, M. Saarinen, R. Sipilä, L. Viljanen and E. Voipio. Anja Häppölä and Kauko Heikkilä are acknowledged for their valuable contribution in recruitment, data collection and data management. Phenotyping and genotyping of the Finnish twin cohorts was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (grants 213 506, 129 680), the Academy of Finland (grants 100 499, 205 585, 118 555, 141 054, 265 240, 263 278 and 264 146 to J.K.), National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (grants AA-12502, AA-00145, and AA-09203 to R.J.R. and AA15416 and K02AA018755 to D.M. Dick), Sigrid Juselius Foundation (to J.K), and the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK. Antti-Pekka Sarin and Samuli Ripatti are acknowledged for genotype data quality controls and imputation. GWAS analyses were run at the ELIXIR Finland node hosted at CSC–IT Center for Science for ICT resources. Funding Information: RADAR: We thank all adolescents and their families and friends for their participation. Moreover, we want to thank the various assistants who helped in recruiting participants as well as collecting and cleaning the data. The research was funded partly by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Brain and Cognition, 056–21-010). RADAR has been supported financially by main grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (GB-MAGW 480–03-005) and Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving (SASS), a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research to the Consortium Individual Development (CID; 024.001.003) and various other grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, the VU University Amsterdam and Utrecht University. A.J.H. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, ZonMW 31 160 212. Funding Information: QIMR: Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AA07535, AA0758O, AA07728, AA10249, AA13320, AA13321, AA14041, AA11998, AA17688, DA012854, DA018267, DA018660, DA23668 and DA019951; by Grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241 944, 339 462, 389 927, 389 875, 389 891, 389 892, 389 938, 442 915, 442 981, 496 739, 552 485, 552 498 and 628 911); by Grants from the Australian Research Council (A7960034, A79906588, A79801419, DP0770096, DP0212016 and DP0343921); and by the 5th Framework Programme (FP-5) GenomEUtwin Project (QLG2-CT-2002-01254). This research was further supported by the Centre for Research Excellence on Suicide Prevention (CRESP–Australia). We thank Anjali Henders, Richard Parker, Soad Hancock, Judith Moir, Sally Rodda, Pieta-Maree Shertock, Heather Park, Jill Wood, Pam Barton, Fran Husband, Adele Somerville, Ann Eldridge, Marlene Grace, Kerrie McAloney, Lisa Bowdler, Alexandre Todorov, Steven Crooks, David Smyth, Harry Beeby and Daniel Park. Lastl, we thank the twins and their families for their participation. Funding Information: NTR and NTR2: We thank the Netherlands Twin Register participants whose data we analysed in this study. This work was supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZonMW Addiction 31 160 008; ZonMW 940–37-024; NWO/SPI 56–464-14 192; NWO-400-05-717; NWO-MW 904–61-19; NWO-MagW 480–04-004; NWO-Veni 016–115-035), the European Research Council [Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167; Genetics of Mental Illness: ERC-230374], the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics) and Netherlands Bioinformatics Center/BioAssist/RK/2008.024. We acknowledge the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, BBMRI–NL (184.021.007: Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) for support. Genotyping was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (4R37DA018673–06, RC2 MH089951), Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (National Institute of Mental Health U24 MH068457–06), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995) and the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. The statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) which is supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480–05-003), the Dutch Brain Foundation and the Department of Psychology and Education of the VU University Amsterdam. Funding Information: J.M.V., C.C.M. and H.M. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, Principal Investigator J.M.V.). E.M.D. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. K.J.H.V. is supported by a 2014 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. C.C.M. and M.C.N. are supported by NIDA grant DA-018673. R.W. is supported by NIH U01 MH094432 and NSF BCS-1229450. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and supported financially by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480?05-003 Principal Investigator D. Posthuma), along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. GWAS data was generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corportation of America) using support from 23andMe. J.J.W. is supported by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) and the University of Bristol. M.H. is a member of NIHR School of Public Health Research and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation. J.J.W. and M.R.M. are members of UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and M.H. is a member of DeCIPHER (Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement)?which are both UKCRC Public Health Research: Centres of Excellence. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Society for the Study of Addiction

PY - 2018/11

Y1 - 2018/11

N2 - Background and aims: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among adolescents and young adults. Earlier age at cannabis initiation is linked to adverse life outcomes, including multi-substance use and dependence. This study estimated the heritability of age at first cannabis use and identified associations with genetic variants. Methods: A twin-based heritability analysis using 8055 twins from three cohorts was performed. We then carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use in a discovery sample of 24 953 individuals from nine European, North American and Australian cohorts, and a replication sample of 3735 individuals. Results: The twin-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 19–60%]. Shared and unique environmental factors explained 39% (95% CI = 20–56%) and 22% (95% CI = 16–29%). The genome-wide association meta-analysis identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 within the calcium-transporting ATPase gene (ATP2C2) at P < 5E-08. All five SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8), with the strongest association at the intronic variant rs1574587 (P = 4.09E-09). Gene-based tests of association identified the ATP2C2 gene on 16q24.1 (P = 1.33e-06). Although the five SNPs and ATP2C2 did not replicate, ATP2C2 has been associated with cocaine dependence in a previous study. ATP2B2, which is a member of the same calcium signalling pathway, has been associated previously with opioid dependence. SNP-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was non-significant. Conclusion: Age at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities. The significant association between age of initiation and ATP2C2 is consistent with the role of calcium signalling mechanisms in substance use disorders.

AB - Background and aims: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among adolescents and young adults. Earlier age at cannabis initiation is linked to adverse life outcomes, including multi-substance use and dependence. This study estimated the heritability of age at first cannabis use and identified associations with genetic variants. Methods: A twin-based heritability analysis using 8055 twins from three cohorts was performed. We then carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use in a discovery sample of 24 953 individuals from nine European, North American and Australian cohorts, and a replication sample of 3735 individuals. Results: The twin-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 19–60%]. Shared and unique environmental factors explained 39% (95% CI = 20–56%) and 22% (95% CI = 16–29%). The genome-wide association meta-analysis identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 within the calcium-transporting ATPase gene (ATP2C2) at P < 5E-08. All five SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8), with the strongest association at the intronic variant rs1574587 (P = 4.09E-09). Gene-based tests of association identified the ATP2C2 gene on 16q24.1 (P = 1.33e-06). Although the five SNPs and ATP2C2 did not replicate, ATP2C2 has been associated with cocaine dependence in a previous study. ATP2B2, which is a member of the same calcium signalling pathway, has been associated previously with opioid dependence. SNP-based heritability for age at first cannabis use was non-significant. Conclusion: Age at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities. The significant association between age of initiation and ATP2C2 is consistent with the role of calcium signalling mechanisms in substance use disorders.

KW - ATP2C2

KW - Age at first use

KW - cannabis initiation

KW - genome-wide association

KW - heritability

KW - substance use

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85052393915&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1111/add.14368

DO - 10.1111/add.14368

M3 - Article

C2 - 30003630

AN - SCOPUS:85052393915

SN - 0965-2140

VL - 113

SP - 2073

EP - 2086

JO - Addiction

JF - Addiction

IS - 11

ER -

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at first cannabis use

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