@article{fe85bde2053344d38b435c1042021cdb,
title = "Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs",
abstract = "We investigated whether and to what degree genetic and environmental contributions overlap among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol dependence (AD) and drug dependence (DD). Subjects were 3304 monozygotic and dizygotic male-male twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who participated in 1992 telephone administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version 3 Revised (DIS-3R). Genetic model fitting was performed to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental contributions to the lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R PTSD, AD and DD. The liability for PTSD was partially due to a 15.3\% genetic contribution common to AD and DD and 20.0\% genetic contribution specific to PTSD. Risk for AD was partially due to a 55.7\% genetic contribution common to PTSD and DD. Genetic influences common to PTSD and AD accounted for 25.2\% of the total risk for DD. Specific family environmental influence accounted for 33.9\% of the total variance in risk for DD. Remaining variance for all three disorders was due to unique environmental factors both common and specific to each phenotype. These results suggest that PTSD, AD and DD each have etiologically distinct components and also have significant genetic and unique environmental contributions in common. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.",
keywords = "Alcohol dependence, Genetic, Illicit drug dependence, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Twins, Veterans",
author = "Hong Xian and Chantarujikapong, \{Sunanta I.\} and Scherrer, \{Jeffrey F.\} and Eisen, \{Seth A.\} and Lyons, \{Michael J.\} and Jack Goldberg and Ming Tsuang and True, \{William R.\}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service and the Cooperative Studies Program (Study 992). Partial support was provided by the NIDA (Bethesda, Md) grants DA4604 and DA00272; NIAAA grants AA10339, AA11822 and AA07728, Great Lakes Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Program, Ann Arbor, Mich, LIP 41-065; NIMH grants MH-37685 and MH-31302; and NIDA training grant DAO72261-01 awarded to Washington University, St Louis, MO. The authors acknowledge the work of the following people: (1) Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research and the Cooperative Studies Program: Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Director, W.G. Henderson, Ph.D.; Epidemiologist, J. Goldberg, Ph.D.; Registry Programmer, K. Bukowski; Coordinator, M.E. Vitek; (2) VET Registry Advisory Committee: A.G. Bearn, M.D. (past), G. Chase, Sc.D. (past), T. Colton, Sc.D., W.E. Nance, M.D., Ph.D., R.S. Paffenbarger, Jr., M.D., Dr.P.H., M.M. Weissman, Ph.D., R.R. Williams, M.D. (past), and E. Coccaro, M.D; (3) DVA Chief Research \& Development Officer: John R. Feussner, M.D.; DVA Health Services Research \& Development Service: Director, J. Demakis, M.D., Deputy Director, S. Meehan, M.B.A., Ph.D.; Program Manager, C. Welch, III, Ph.D. The authors acknowledge Greg Carey, Ph.D., Lindon Eaves, Ph.D., D.Sc. and Irving I. Gottesman, Ph.D. for their contributions to the early development of the twin Registry. The authors acknowledge the contribution of Michel Neale, Ph.D.(Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia) to an earlier version of the manuscript. The following organizations provided invaluable support in the conduct of this study: Department of Defense; National Personnel Records Center, National Archives and Records Administration; the Internal Revenue Service; National Opinion Research Center; National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences; the Institute for Survey Research, Temple University. Most importantly, the authors gratefully acknowledge the continued cooperation and participation of the members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Without their contribution this research would not have been possible.",
year = "2000",
month = dec,
day = "22",
doi = "10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00127-7",
language = "English",
volume = "61",
pages = "95--102",
journal = "Drug and Alcohol Dependence",
issn = "0376-8716",
number = "1",
}