TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure to trauma
T2 - A comparison of cocaine-dependent cases and a community-matched sample
AU - Afful, Stephanie E.
AU - Strickland, Jaime R.
AU - Cottler, Linda
AU - Bierut, Laura Jean
N1 - Funding Information:
The Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD) subject collection was funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), R01 DA13423 to Laura J. Bierut, M.D. Analysis of the FSCD data was supported through the Case Control Candidate Gene Study of Addiction, NIDA grant R01 DA19963 and through the Human Genetics of Addiction: A Study of Common and Specific Factors, NIDA grant K02 DA021237, both to Laura J. Bierut, M.D. The funding agencies had no further role in study design, data collection, analysis, or writing and submission of this report.
PY - 2010/11/1
Y1 - 2010/11/1
N2 - Background: The purpose of this study was to examine rates of traumatic events and PTSD in cocaine-dependent cases and a community comparison sample. Methods: Participants were interviewed as part of the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence. A cross-sectional case-cohort design assessed a total of 918 participants: 459 cocaine-dependent cases recruited from chemical dependency treatment and 459 community-based participants. Community-based comparison participants were matched to cocaine-dependent cases on year of birth (within 1 year), ethnicity, gender, and neighborhood (zip code). Participants completed a personal interview modeled after the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). Results: Compared to community-based individuals, cocaine-dependent cases recruited from treatment experienced higher rates of assaultive events including rape or sexual assault in women (58% vs. 33%) and threatened with a weapon in men (75% vs. 52%). Cocaine-dependent cases endured significantly more types of trauma than the community-based participants (4.64 vs. 3.08) and PTSD (22.4% and 12.2%). The number of traumatic exposures, witnessing trauma to others, experiencing violent trauma, and being female were predictive of conditional risk of PTSD, even after controlling for cocaine dependence and other demographic factors. Conclusions: Cocaine dependence is strongly associated with an increased risk of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD, and experiencing multiple, violent traumas increases the risk of PTSD, regardless of cocaine dependence. The high prevalence of trauma seen in our community-based participants emphasizes the role of violence in the neighborhood and the connection between drug dependence, trauma exposure, and PTSD.
AB - Background: The purpose of this study was to examine rates of traumatic events and PTSD in cocaine-dependent cases and a community comparison sample. Methods: Participants were interviewed as part of the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence. A cross-sectional case-cohort design assessed a total of 918 participants: 459 cocaine-dependent cases recruited from chemical dependency treatment and 459 community-based participants. Community-based comparison participants were matched to cocaine-dependent cases on year of birth (within 1 year), ethnicity, gender, and neighborhood (zip code). Participants completed a personal interview modeled after the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). Results: Compared to community-based individuals, cocaine-dependent cases recruited from treatment experienced higher rates of assaultive events including rape or sexual assault in women (58% vs. 33%) and threatened with a weapon in men (75% vs. 52%). Cocaine-dependent cases endured significantly more types of trauma than the community-based participants (4.64 vs. 3.08) and PTSD (22.4% and 12.2%). The number of traumatic exposures, witnessing trauma to others, experiencing violent trauma, and being female were predictive of conditional risk of PTSD, even after controlling for cocaine dependence and other demographic factors. Conclusions: Cocaine dependence is strongly associated with an increased risk of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD, and experiencing multiple, violent traumas increases the risk of PTSD, regardless of cocaine dependence. The high prevalence of trauma seen in our community-based participants emphasizes the role of violence in the neighborhood and the connection between drug dependence, trauma exposure, and PTSD.
KW - Cocaine dependence
KW - Neighborhood
KW - PTSD
KW - Trauma
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78049336088&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.012
DO - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.012
M3 - Article
C2 - 20599330
AN - SCOPUS:78049336088
SN - 0376-8716
VL - 112
SP - 46
EP - 53
JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence
JF - Drug and Alcohol Dependence
IS - 1-2
ER -