Experimental hydrocephalus: Models and study methods

Studies on experimental hydrocephalus have expanded considerably in the past 20 years, especially in areas that employ congenital and transgenic models, CSF shunting, and advanced neuroimaging. These advancements have set the stage for experiments that will further define the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of hydrocephalus in all its insidious forms and enhance the development of pharmacological treatments to supplement surgical approaches. Careful consideration of all the advantages and disadvantages of specific in vivo and in vitro models should be applied to all studies of experimental hydrocephalus. In particular, it is important to understand how the timing of induction procedures in acquired models can dramatically alter the severity of ventriculomegaly and thus the relevance to clinical scenarios. In this regard, correlations between neurological outcomes and specific biomarkers of injury should be attempted if possible. Chronic studies are still needed to determine the long-term sequelae of ventriculomegaly and the effects of persistent shunt malfunctions.