TY - JOUR
T1 - Examination of Intersectionality and the Pipeline for Black Academic Surgeons
AU - Keshinro, Ajaratu
AU - Butler, Paris
AU - Fayanju, Oluwadamilola
AU - Khabele, Dineo
AU - Newman, Erika
AU - Greene, Wendy
AU - Ude Welcome, Akuezunkpa
AU - Joseph, Kathie Ann
AU - Stallion, Anthony
AU - Backhus, Leah
AU - Frangos, Spiros
AU - Dimaggio, Charles
AU - Berman, Russell
AU - Hasson, Rian
AU - Rodriguez, Luz Maria
AU - Stain, Steven
AU - Bukur, Marko
AU - Klein, Michael J.
AU - Henry-Tillman, Ronda
AU - Barry, Linda
AU - Oseni, Tawakalitu
AU - Martin, Colin
AU - Johnson-Mann, Crystal
AU - Smith, Randi
AU - Karpeh, Martin
AU - White, Cassandra
AU - Turner, Patricia
AU - Pugh, Carla
AU - Hayes-Jordan, Andrea
AU - Berry, Cherisse
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
PY - 2022/4
Y1 - 2022/4
N2 - Importance: The lack of underrepresented in medicine physicians within US academic surgery continues, with Black surgeons representing a disproportionately low number. Objective: To evaluate the trend of general surgery residency application, matriculation, and graduation rates for Black trainees compared with their racial and ethnic counterparts over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this nationwide multicenter study, data from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) for the general surgery residency match and Graduate Medical Education (GME) surveys of graduating general surgery residents were retrospectively reviewed and stratified by race, ethnicity, and sex. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, time series plots, and simple linear regression for the rate of change over time. Medical students and general surgery residency trainees of Asian, Black, Hispanic or Latino of Spanish origin, White, and other races were included. Data for non-US citizens or nonpermanent residents were excluded. Data were collected from 2005 to 2018, and data were analyzed in March 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included the rates of application, matriculation, and graduation from general surgery residency programs. Results: Over the study period, there were 71687 applicants, 26237 first-year matriculants, and 24893 graduates. Of 71687 applicants, 24618 (34.3%) were women, 16602 (23.2%) were Asian, 5968 (8.3%) were Black, 2455 (3.4%) were Latino, and 31197 (43.5%) were White. Women applicants and graduates increased from 29.4% (1178 of 4003) to 37.1% (2293 of 6181) and 23.5% (463 of 1967) to 33.5% (719 of 2147), respectively. When stratified by race and ethnicity, applications from Black women increased from 2.2% (87 of 4003) to 3.5% (215 of 6181) (P <.001) while applications from Black men remained unchanged (3.7% [150 of 4003] to 4.6% [284 of 6181]). While the matriculation rate for Black women remained unchanged (2.4% [46 of 1919] to 2.3% [52 of 2264]), the matriculation rate for Black men significantly decreased (3.0% [57 of 1919] to 2.4% [54 of 2264]; P =.04). Among Black graduates, there was a significant decline in graduation for men (4.3% [85 of 1967] to 2.7% [57 of 2147]; P =.03) with the rate among women remaining unchanged (1.7% [33 of 1967] to 2.2% [47 of 2147]). Conclusions and Relevance: Findings of this study show that the underrepresentation of Black physicians at every stage in surgical training pipeline persists. Black men are especially affected. Identifying factors that address intersectionality and contribute to the successful recruitment and retention of Black trainees in general surgery residency is critical for achieving racial and ethnic as well as gender equity.
AB - Importance: The lack of underrepresented in medicine physicians within US academic surgery continues, with Black surgeons representing a disproportionately low number. Objective: To evaluate the trend of general surgery residency application, matriculation, and graduation rates for Black trainees compared with their racial and ethnic counterparts over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this nationwide multicenter study, data from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) for the general surgery residency match and Graduate Medical Education (GME) surveys of graduating general surgery residents were retrospectively reviewed and stratified by race, ethnicity, and sex. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, time series plots, and simple linear regression for the rate of change over time. Medical students and general surgery residency trainees of Asian, Black, Hispanic or Latino of Spanish origin, White, and other races were included. Data for non-US citizens or nonpermanent residents were excluded. Data were collected from 2005 to 2018, and data were analyzed in March 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included the rates of application, matriculation, and graduation from general surgery residency programs. Results: Over the study period, there were 71687 applicants, 26237 first-year matriculants, and 24893 graduates. Of 71687 applicants, 24618 (34.3%) were women, 16602 (23.2%) were Asian, 5968 (8.3%) were Black, 2455 (3.4%) were Latino, and 31197 (43.5%) were White. Women applicants and graduates increased from 29.4% (1178 of 4003) to 37.1% (2293 of 6181) and 23.5% (463 of 1967) to 33.5% (719 of 2147), respectively. When stratified by race and ethnicity, applications from Black women increased from 2.2% (87 of 4003) to 3.5% (215 of 6181) (P <.001) while applications from Black men remained unchanged (3.7% [150 of 4003] to 4.6% [284 of 6181]). While the matriculation rate for Black women remained unchanged (2.4% [46 of 1919] to 2.3% [52 of 2264]), the matriculation rate for Black men significantly decreased (3.0% [57 of 1919] to 2.4% [54 of 2264]; P =.04). Among Black graduates, there was a significant decline in graduation for men (4.3% [85 of 1967] to 2.7% [57 of 2147]; P =.03) with the rate among women remaining unchanged (1.7% [33 of 1967] to 2.2% [47 of 2147]). Conclusions and Relevance: Findings of this study show that the underrepresentation of Black physicians at every stage in surgical training pipeline persists. Black men are especially affected. Identifying factors that address intersectionality and contribute to the successful recruitment and retention of Black trainees in general surgery residency is critical for achieving racial and ethnic as well as gender equity.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125080031&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7430
DO - 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7430
M3 - Article
C2 - 35138327
AN - SCOPUS:85125080031
SN - 2168-6254
VL - 157
SP - 327
EP - 334
JO - JAMA surgery
JF - JAMA surgery
IS - 4
ER -