@article{46ff72ed427949f9bc4fad799688bd9f,
title = "Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC",
abstract = "Light-by-light scattering (γγ → γγ) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead ions. Using 480 μ1 of lead-lead collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV by the ATLAS detector, here we report evidence for light-by-light scattering. A total of 13 candidate events were observed with an expected background of 2.6 ± 0.7 events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross-section of the process Pb + Pb (γγ) → Pb(∗) + Pb(∗) γγ,for photon transverse energy ET > 3GeV, photon absolute pseudorapidity |η| <2.4, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be 70 ± 24 (stat.) ±17 (syst.) nb, which is in agreement with the standard model predictions.",
author = "{ATLAS Collaboration} and M. Aaboud and G. Aad and B. Abbott and J. Abdallah and O. Abdinov and B. Abeloos and Abidi, {S. H.} and AbouZeid, {O. S.} and Abraham, {N. L.} and H. Abramowicz and H. Abreu and R. Abreu and Y. Abulaiti and Acharya, {B. S.} and S. Adachi and L. Adamczyk and J. Adelman and M. Adersberger and T. Adye and Affolder, {A. A.} and T. Agatonovic-Jovin and C. Agheorghiesei and Aguilar-Saavedra, {J. A.} and Ahlen, {S. P.} and F. Ahmadov and G. Aielli and S. Akatsuka and H. Akerstedt and {\AA}kesson, {T. P.A.} and Akimov, {A. V.} and Alberghi, {G. L.} and J. Albert and {Alconada Verzini}, {M. J.} and M. Aleksa and Aleksandrov, {I. N.} and C. Alexa and G. Alexander and T. Alexopoulos and M. Alhroob and B. Ali and M. Aliev and G. Alimonti and J. Alison and Alkire, {S. P.} and Allbrooke, {B. M.M.} and Allen, {B. W.} and Allport, {P. P.} and A. Aloisio and A. Alonso and F. Alonso and C. Alpigiani and Alshehri, {A. A.} and M. Alstaty and {Alvarez Gonzalez}, B. and {{\'A}lvarez Piqueras}, D. and Alviggi, {M. G.} and Amadio, {B. T.} and {Amaral Coutinho}, Y. and C. Amelung and D. Amidei and {Amor Dos Santos}, {S. P.} and A. Amorim and S. Amoroso and G. Amundsen and C. Anastopoulos and Ancu, {L. S.} and N. Andari and T. Andeen and Anders, {C. F.} and Anders, {J. K.} and Anderson, {K. J.} and A. Andreazza and V. Andrei and S. Angelidakis and I. Angelozzi and A. Angerami and F. Anghinolfi and Anisenkov, {A. V.} and N. Anjos and A. Annovi and C. Antel and M. Antonelli and A. Antonov and Antrim, {D. J.} and F. Anulli and M. Aoki and {Aperio Bella}, L. and G. Arabidze and Y. Arai and Araque, {J. P.} and {Araujo Ferraz}, V. and Arce, {A. T.H.} and Ardell, {R. E.} and Arduh, {F. A.} and Arguin, {J. F.} and S. Argyropoulos and M. Arik and Armbruster, {A. J.} and Armitage, {L. J.} and O. Arnaez and H. Arnold and M. Arratia and O. Arslan and A. Artamonov and G. Artoni and S. Artz and S. Asai and N. Asbah and A. Ashkenazi and L. Asquith and K. Assamagan and R. Astalos and M. Atkinson and Atlay, {N. B.} and K. Augsten and G. Avolio and B. Axen and Ayoub, {M. K.} and G. Azuelos and Baas, {A. E.} and Baca, {M. J.} and H. Bachacou and K. Bachas and M. Backes and M. Backhaus and P. Bagiacchi and P. Bagnaia and Baines, {J. T.} and M. Bajic and Baker, {O. K.} and Baldin, {E. M.} and P. Balek and T. Balestri and F. Balli and Balunas, {W. K.} and E. Banas and Sw Banerjee and Bannoura, {A. A.E.} and L. Barak and Barberio, {E. L.} and D. Barberis and M. Barbero and T. Barillari and Barisits, {M. S.} and T. Barklow and N. Barlow and Barnes, {S. L.} and Barnett, {B. M.} and Barnett, {R. M.} and Z. Barnovska-Blenessy and A. Baroncelli and G. Barone and Barr, {A. J.} and {Barranco Navarro}, L. and F. Barreiro and {Barreiro Guimar{\~a}es Da Costa}, J. and R. Bartoldus and Barton, {A. E.} and P. Bartos and A. Basalaev and A. Bassalat and Bates, {R. L.} and Batista, {S. J.} and Batley, {J. R.} and M. Battaglia and M. Bauce and F. Bauer and Bawa, {H. S.} and Beacham, {J. B.} and Beattie, {M. D.} and T. Beau and Beauchemin, {P. H.} and P. Bechtle and Beck, {H. P.} and K. Becker and M. Becker and M. Beckingham and C. Becot and Beddall, {A. J.} and A. Beddall and Bednyakov, {V. A.} and M. Bedognetti and Bee, {C. P.} and Beermann, {T. A.} and M. Begalli and M. Begel and Behr, {J. K.} and Bell, {A. S.} and G. Bella and L. Bellagamba and A. Bellerive and M. Bellomo and K. Belotskiy and O. Beltramello and Belyaev, {N. L.} and O. Benary and D. Benchekroun and M. Bender and K. Bendtz and X. Zhao",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.",
year = "2017",
month = sep,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1038/nphys4208",
language = "English",
volume = "13",
pages = "852--858",
journal = "Nature Physics",
issn = "1745-2473",
number = "9",
}