TY - JOUR
T1 - Epigenetic developmental mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer
AU - Rubin, Josh
AU - Abou-Antoun, Tamara
AU - Ippolito, Joseph E.
AU - Llaci, Lorida
AU - Marquez, Camryn T.
AU - Wong, Jason P.
AU - Yang, Lihua
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright: © 2024, Rubin et al.
PY - 2024/7/1
Y1 - 2024/7/1
N2 - Cancer risk is modulated by hereditary and somatic mutations, exposures, age, sex, and gender. The mechanisms by which sex and gender work alone and in combination with other cancer risk factors remain underexplored. In general, cancers that occur in both the male and female sexes occur more commonly in XY compared with XX individuals, regardless of genetic ancestry, geographic location, and age. Moreover, XY individuals are less frequently cured of their cancers, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of sex and gender effects in oncology. This will be necessary for optimal laboratory and clinical cancer investigations. To that end, we review the epigenetics of sexual differentiation and its effect on cancer hallmark pathways throughout life. Specifically, we will touch on how sex differences in metabolism, immunity, pluripotency, and tumor suppressor functions are patterned through the epigenetic effects of imprinting, sex chromosome complement, X inactivation, genes escaping X inactivation, sex hormones, and life history.
AB - Cancer risk is modulated by hereditary and somatic mutations, exposures, age, sex, and gender. The mechanisms by which sex and gender work alone and in combination with other cancer risk factors remain underexplored. In general, cancers that occur in both the male and female sexes occur more commonly in XY compared with XX individuals, regardless of genetic ancestry, geographic location, and age. Moreover, XY individuals are less frequently cured of their cancers, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of sex and gender effects in oncology. This will be necessary for optimal laboratory and clinical cancer investigations. To that end, we review the epigenetics of sexual differentiation and its effect on cancer hallmark pathways throughout life. Specifically, we will touch on how sex differences in metabolism, immunity, pluripotency, and tumor suppressor functions are patterned through the epigenetic effects of imprinting, sex chromosome complement, X inactivation, genes escaping X inactivation, sex hormones, and life history.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85197579989&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1172/JCI180071
DO - 10.1172/JCI180071
M3 - Review article
C2 - 38949020
AN - SCOPUS:85197579989
SN - 0021-9738
VL - 134
JO - Journal of Clinical Investigation
JF - Journal of Clinical Investigation
IS - 13
M1 - e180071
ER -