Elucidating steroid alkaloid biosynthesis in Veratrum californicum: Production of verazine in Sf9 cells

Megan M. Augustin, Dan R. Ruzicka, Ashutosh K. Shukla, Jörg M. Augustin, Courtney M. Starks, Mark O'Neil-Johnson, Michael R. McKain, Bradley S. Evans, Matt D. Barrett, Ann Smithson, Gane Ka Shu Wong, Michael K. Deyholos, Patrick P. Edger, J. Chris Pires, James H. Leebens-Mack, David A. Mann, Toni M. Kutchan

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

60 Scopus citations

Abstract

Steroid alkaloids have been shown to elicit a wide range of pharmacological effects that include anticancer and antifungal activities. Understanding the biosynthesis of these molecules is essential to bioengineering for sustainable production. Herein, we investigate the biosynthetic pathway to cyclopamine, a steroid alkaloid that shows promising antineoplastic activities. Supply of cyclopamine is limited, as the current source is solely derived from wild collection of the plant Veratrum californicum. To elucidate the early stages of the pathway to cyclopamine, we interrogated a V. californicum RNA-seq dataset using the cyclopamine accumulation profile as a predefined model for gene expression with the pattern-matching algorithm Haystack. Refactoring candidate genes in Sf9 insect cells led to discovery of four enzymes that catalyze the first six steps in steroid alkaloid biosynthesis to produce verazine, a predicted precursor to cyclopamine. Three of the enzymes are cytochromes P450 while the fourth is a γ-aminobutyrate transaminase; together they produce verazine from cholesterol. Significance Statement The first four enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the steroid alkaloid verazine, a predicted precursor to the antineoplastic cyclopamine in Veratrum californicum, were discovered: cholesterol 22-hydroxylase, 22-hydroxycholesterol 26-hydroxylase/oxidase, 22-hydroxycholesterol-26-al transaminase, and 22-hydroxy-26-aminocholesterol 22-oxidase. The pathway to verazine has been refactored in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)991-1003
Number of pages13
JournalPlant Journal
Volume82
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 1 2015

Keywords

  • California corn lily
  • Haystack
  • Veratrum californicum
  • cyclopamine
  • steroid alkaloids
  • verazine

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